{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:41:25Z","timestamp":1789731685376,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629676800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["104-2116-M-178-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-2116-M-178-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["106-2116-M-178-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106-2116-M-178-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["108-2116-M-178-003-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["108-2116-M-178-003-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1110-2116-M-178-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1110-2116-M-178-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Longshia-dong Cave, a limestone cave located in the Kenting area within the Kenting National Park of southern Taiwan, yields numerous terrestrial mammalian fossils. Many of them were not reported in historical literature and are neither present in Taiwan. For instance, no historical literature mentioned leopards inhabited in Taiwan, and thus their existence remained unknown. This study describes three fossil leopard (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera pardus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) teeth uncovered from Longshia-dong Cave. Two isolated lower premolars and one lower molar, respectively p3, p4 and m1, were discovered in a very small area (11 \u00d7 6 cm) and show a series of progressive increase in size. Thus, the three teeth should have been belonging to the same individual from the subfamily of Pantherinae. Traditional linear measurements and two-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis for the occlusal surface outlines were conducted on the fossil teeth and extant pantherines inhabited in Asia such as clouded leopards (\n                    <jats:italic>Neofelis nebulosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), leopards (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera pardus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and tigers (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera tigiris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Results show that the fossil teeth are similar both in size and morphology to the teeth of extant leopards, suggesting the assignment of the fossil teeth to leopards. This study, for the first time, reported the presence of leopards in the Late Pleistocene of Taiwan. In addition, the smaller size of the fossil teeth in comparison with Chinese fossil leopards is putatively attributed to insular dwarfism or individual size variability, yet more studies are required.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T04:30:13Z","timestamp":1629693013000},"page":"e12020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Tzu-Chin","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Ruei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1537\/ase.150710","article-title":"Re-examination of the fossil raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from the Penghu channel, Taiwan, and an age estimation of the Penghu fauna","volume":"123","author":"Asahara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anthropological Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-2","first-page":"320 p","volume-title":"Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths","author":"Binford","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.6355\/BIHPAS.200003.0129","article-title":"On Taiwan mammalian faunas in different periods of time and related problems: the background materials for Taiwan zooarchaeological studies, part 1","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.6355\/BIHPAS.200006.0367","article-title":"On Taiwan mammalian faunas in different periods of time and related problems: the background materials for Taiwan zooarchaeological studies, part 2","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-5","first-page":"129","article-title":"Characteristics of accretionary prism of Hengchun Peninsula, southern Taiwan: Holocene activity of the Hengchun fault","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Western Pacific Earth Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-6","first-page":"99","article-title":"The calcareous nannofossils of the Lichi Melange and the Kenting Melange and their significance in the interpretation of plate-tectonics of the Taiwan region","volume":"4","author":"Chi","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ti-Chih (Geology)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1017\/S003060531300063X","article-title":"Is the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa extinct in Taiwan, and could it be reintroduced? An assessment of prey and habitat","volume":"49","author":"Chiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oryx"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/qua.2020.9","article-title":"Late Pleistocene fauna from Chongphadae Cave, Hwangju County, Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea","volume":"97","author":"Choe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Quaternary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1644\/08-MAMM-A-013.1","article-title":"Species distinction and evolutionary differences in the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) and Diard\u2019s clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi)","volume":"89","author":"Christiansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2010.05.002","article-title":"A neotype of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa Griffith 1821)","volume":"76","author":"Christiansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mammalian Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1999.0470","article-title":"Leopards as taphonomic agents in dolomitic caves\u2014implications for bone accumulations in the hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa","volume":"27","author":"De\u00a0Ruiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-12","first-page":"156","article-title":"The Late Pleistocene mammalian fossils from Niuyan Cave in Mentougou, Beijing, China","volume":"37","author":"Deng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-13","first-page":"96 p","volume-title":"Principal Component Analysis (PCA)","author":"Dunteman","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-14","first-page":"368","article-title":"Adversaria zoologica","volume":"5","author":"Fischer\u00a0von Waldheim","year":"1817","journal-title":"M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Imperiale Des Naturalistes de Moscou"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Systematic review of the Taiwanese Macaque, Macaca cyclopis Swinhoe, 1863","volume":"98","author":"Fooden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fieldiana Zoology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-16","first-page":"388 p","volume-title":"Research Methods for Fossils","author":"Fukawa","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-17","first-page":"107 p","article-title":"Study the Late Pleistocene cat (Carnivora, Felidae) fossils from a limestone cave within Kenting area, southern Taiwan","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-18","first-page":"60 p","article-title":"Study stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental of Hengchun Limestone","author":"Gong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-19","first-page":"165","article-title":"Pleistocene carbonate deposition in the Kueitzechiao-Oluanpi area, Hengchun, Taiwan: a preliminary study","volume":"37","author":"Gong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Geological Society of China"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Meteoric diagenesis and stable isotopic compositions of the Hengchun Limestone, southern Taiwan","volume":"41","author":"Gong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Geological Society of China"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0082(2001)340<0001:TPRPOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The phylogenetic resolving power of discrete dental morphology among extant hedgehogs and the implications for their fossil record","volume":"3340","author":"Gould","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Museum Novitates"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1867.tb00432.x","article-title":"Notes on the skulls of the cats (Felidae)","volume":"1867","author":"Gray","year":"1867","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-24.1-6292","article-title":"Semilandmarks: a method for quantifying curves and surfaces","volume":"24","author":"Gunz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae), Teil I","volume":"11","author":"Hemmer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen Der Zoologischen Staatssammlung M\u00fcnchen"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373 p","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614477","volume-title":"Teeth","author":"Hillson","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.6548\/ATMB.199712_40.0007","article-title":"A preliminary study of Late Pleistocene Carnivore fossiIs from the Penghu Channel, Taiwan","volume":"40","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the National Taiwan Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-27","first-page":"153","article-title":"Pedogenesis and classification of soils in the Kenting uplifted coral reef nature reserve, southern Taiwan","volume":"19","author":"Hseu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Taiwan Journal of Forest Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-28","first-page":"66 p","article-title":"Geomorphometric study of Octopus and Cistopus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) based on landmarks of beaks","author":"Hsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-29","first-page":"178 p","article-title":"A geomorphological study of marine terraces in Taiwan","author":"Hsu","year":"1989","journal-title":"PhD Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gongwangling Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Lantian, Shaanxi","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"1978","journal-title":"Palaeontologica Sinica Ser. C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-31","first-page":"21","article-title":"Genesis of the Kenting Formation in the Hengchun Peninsula, southern Taiwan","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ti-Chih (Geology)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-32","first-page":"304","article-title":"The stratigraphic distribution and zoogeography of the early pleistocene mammalian fauna from south China","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-33","first-page":"488 p","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis","volume-title":"Springer Series in Statistics","volume":"29","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.06.044","article-title":"Middle Pleistocene to Holocene mammal faunas of the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan: an updated review incorporating results of recent research","volume":"397","author":"Kawamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Quaternary International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-35","first-page":"99","article-title":"Collecting technique and storage system for micro-mammalian fossils","volume":"31","author":"Kawamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"Honyurui Kagaku (Mammalian Science)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-36","first-page":"160 p","article-title":"Phylogeny of Panthera, including P. atrox, based on cranialmandibular characters","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-37","first-page":"26","article-title":"The fossil record of mammals in Taiwan","author":"Lai","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1989.tb00940.x","article-title":"A note on the ecology of the leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus) in the Londolozi Game Reserve, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Le\u00a0Roux","year":"1989","journal-title":"African Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-39","first-page":"66 p","article-title":"Fauna analysis of Zhoukoudian Tianyuan Cave human\u00a0fossil site","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-40","first-page":"455","article-title":"Early Pleistocene carnivore fossils from Zhen\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-41","first-page":"133","article-title":"A preliminary report on the 2011 excavation at Houbeishan Fuyan Cave, Daoxian, Hunan Province","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-42","first-page":"224 p","article-title":"Study on fossil deer in a limestone cave from the Late Pleistocene of Kenting area, southern Taiwan","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Master thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-43","author":"Linnaeus","year":"1758","journal-title":"Systema naturae"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.01169.x","article-title":"Craniodental indicators of prey size preference in the Felidae","volume":"96","author":"Meachen-Samuels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00825.x","article-title":"Area, isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores","volume":"8","author":"Meiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-46","first-page":"266","article-title":"The structure of multivariate observations: I. Principal components","volume":"2","author":"Morrison","year":"1976","journal-title":"Multivariate Statistical Methods"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-47","first-page":"1270 p","article-title":"Okens Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. Dritter Theil. Zoologie. Mit viezig Kupfertafeln. Zweite Abtheilung. Fleischthiere","author":"Oken","year":"1816","journal-title":"August Schmid Und Comp. Jena."},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.6532\/JTM.198406_37(1).0002","article-title":"Stratigraphic position of the Chochen vertebrate fauna of the Toukoushan Group in the environs of the Chochen District, Southwest Taiwan, with special reference to its geologic age","volume":"37","author":"Otsuka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fossil rhinoceros from the Toukoushan Group in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Otsuka","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Taiwan Museum"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-50","first-page":"76","article-title":"On the Carnivora from locality 1 of Choukoutien","volume":"8","author":"Pei","year":"1934","journal-title":"Paleontologia Sinica Ser. C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-51","first-page":"5","article-title":"Carnivora, Proboscidea and Rodentia from Liucheng Gigantopithecus cave and other caves in Guangxi","volume":"18","author":"Pei","year":"1987","journal-title":"Memoirs of Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00222931709487018","article-title":"XL.\u2014The classification of existing Felidae","author":"Pocock","year":"1917","journal-title":"Journal of Natural History"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-53","first-page":"329","article-title":"The panthers and ounces of Asia, Volume II","volume":"34","author":"Pocock","year":"1930","journal-title":"Journal of Bombay Natural History Society"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x","article-title":"The leopards of Africa","volume":"26","author":"Pocock","year":"1932","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-55","first-page":"33","article-title":"The Pleistocene fossil suids from Chochen, Tainan, southwestern Taiwan","volume":"12","author":"Qi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Collection and Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-56","volume-title":"A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core\u00a0Team","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-57","volume-title":"tpsDig, digitize landmarks and outlines, version 2.05","author":"Rohlf","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-58","volume-title":"tpsRelw version 1.45","author":"Rohlf","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-59","first-page":"723","article-title":"The microscratch trace of animal bone surface and human behavior study of Kua Hu Qiao Site in Xiaoshan District, Zhejiang Province","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quaternary Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-60","first-page":"58 p","article-title":"The study of ages and terraces of coral reef in the Kenting National Park Area","volume-title":"Conservation research report of the Kenting National Park Headquarters, Construction and Planning Agency","author":"Shih","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9083-2_10","article-title":"Introduction to landmark methods","volume-title":"Advances in morphometrics","author":"Slice","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2028.1997.068-89068.x","article-title":"Field age determination of leopards by tooth wear","volume":"35","author":"Stander","year":"1997","journal-title":"African Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-63","first-page":"172","article-title":"Skeletal remains of Hamakita Man","volume":"74","author":"Suzuki","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06539.x","article-title":"On the Mammals of the island of Formosa (China)","volume":"30","author":"Swinhoe","year":"1862","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-65","first-page":"615","article-title":"Catalogue of the mammals of China (south of the Yangtsze) and of the island of Formosa","volume":"22","author":"Swinhoe","year":"1870","journal-title":"Proceedings of Zoological Society of London"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-66","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fossil mammals from Locality 13 of Choukoutien","volume":"11","author":"Teilhard\u00a0de Chardin","year":"1941","journal-title":"Palaeontologica Sinica Ser. C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-67","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the mammalian remains from the archaeological Site of Anyang","volume":"12","author":"Teilhard\u00a0de Chardin","year":"1936","journal-title":"Palaeontologica Sinica Ser. C"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21010","article-title":"New phylogenetic analysis of the family Elephantidae based on cranial-dental morphology","volume":"293","author":"Todd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-69","first-page":"235","article-title":"Geometric morphometrcs analysis of cranial shape among late Miocene hyaenid ecomorphologies in the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China","volume":"48","author":"Tseng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-70","first-page":"51","article-title":"Dental morphology of Talpa europaea and Talpa occidentalis (Mammalia: Insectivora) with a discussion of fossil Talpa in the Pleistocene of Europe","volume":"75","author":"Van Cleef-Roders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zoologische Mededelingen"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-71","first-page":"333","article-title":"The discovery and exploitation of the resources of animal fossils in Panlongdong Cave, Yunfu County, Guangdong Province","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tropical Geography"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-72","first-page":"174 p","article-title":"Rodent fossils from late Quaternary limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Master Thesis"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-73","first-page":"350","article-title":"Mammalian fossils found in northwest part of Huan Province and their significance","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-74","first-page":"261","article-title":"Quaternary mammalian fossils of Taiwan: an eclectic overview and prospects for future study","volume-title":"Studies on the quaternary geology of Taiwan: overview and prospect. Special Publication of the Central Geological Survey","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-75","first-page":"1114","article-title":"Late Pleistocene fauna at Yang\u2019er Cave in Hunan Province","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quaternary Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-76","first-page":"1","article-title":"A preliminary study of the Bailong Cave paleoanthropological site in Yunxi County, Hubei Province","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-77","first-page":"202","article-title":"Human occipital bone and mammalian fossils from Chaoxian, Anhui","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-78","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Pliocene and younger formations in the southern part of the Hengchun Peninsula","volume":"7","author":"Yen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ti-Chih (Geology)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-79","first-page":"66","article-title":"New materials of Pleistocene mammals in Yuanmou, Yunnan","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6724.1935.mp14002007.x","article-title":"Note on a mammalian microfauna from Yenchingkou near Wanhsien, Szechuan","volume":"14","author":"Young","year":"1935","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of China"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/2413705","article-title":"Morphometrics, homology, and phylogenetics: quantified characters as synapomorphies","volume":"44","author":"Zelditch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-142X.2004.04025.x","article-title":"Developmental regulation of skull morphology, I. Ontogenetic dynamics of variance","volume":"6","author":"Zelditch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evolution & Development"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-83","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Cenozoic deposits of the Yunnan region","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Professional Papers on Stratigraphy and Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-84","first-page":"24","article-title":"New discovery of human fossils and associated mammal fauna from Mawokou Cave in Bijie, Guizhou Province of southern China","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12020\/ref-85","first-page":"477","article-title":"New discovered Early Pleistocene mammal fossils and bone artifact in Hezhang of Guizhou Plateau","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anthropologica Sinica"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/12020.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/12020.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/12020.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/12020.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T04:31:22Z","timestamp":1629693082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/12020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.12020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.12020","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.1\/reviews\/4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.2\/reviews\/4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.2\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.12020v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"article-number":"e12020"}}