{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1767261895002,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alan Rodrigo Batist\u00e3o from the S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2018\/11431-60"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/11431-60"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018\/06347-6 and 2018\/10313-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/06347-6 and 2018\/10313-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2018Miniaturization\u2019 is a widespread phenomenon among the Metazoa. In the molluscan class Bivalvia, records of miniaturization are numerous. Among the Archiheterodonta, <jats:italic>Warrana besnardi<\/jats:italic> (Klappenbach, 1963) has attracted attention for its tiny size, which does not exceed 1.5 mm in shell length, and because it belongs to a group with limited anatomical information and often-debated status, the \u201cCondylocardiidae\u201d (which recent molecular studies place deeply nested within the family Carditidae). All species of <jats:italic>Warrana<\/jats:italic> Laseron, 1953 are small-bodied, and so miniaturization presumably occurred from a large-bodied ancestor within the Carditidae <jats:italic><jats:italic>sensu<\/jats:italic> lato<\/jats:italic>. South American <jats:italic>W. besnardi<\/jats:italic> is here studied in detail. Its small size and the enlargement of the anterodorsal region during growth, reflects (and likely led) to infaunal habit, living as a burrowing bivalve that passively feeds on deposit particles entering the pallial cavity anteriorly. Mantle glands, previously reported as a common feature of other archiheterodonts, are missing in <jats:italic>W. besnardi<\/jats:italic>, but spongiform tissue in the antero-ventral portion of the mantle lobes presumably represents a blood sinus that might compensate for the great reduction of the ctenidia. Lecithotrophy is reported, with yolky oocytes bearing a thick non-cellular capsule layer; brooding was not observed, and it is here hypothesized that the extreme miniaturization, with the great reduction of ctenidia, is responsible for a shift in the reproductive mode of condylocardiids, contrasting with the commonly reported ovoviviparity of the carditids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T07:37:20Z","timestamp":1630309040000},"page":"e12108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["When size matters: the first comprehensive anatomical study of a species of \u201cCondylocardiidae\u201d, an extremely miniaturized bivalve"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Dias","family":"Passos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Rodrigo","family":"Batist\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9554-1947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Bieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12108\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.mollus.a065022","article-title":"The functional morphology of Crassinella mactracea (Linsley) (Bivalvia: Astartacea)","volume":"38","author":"Allen","year":"1968","journal-title":"Journal of Molluscan Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12108\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4003\/006.038.0104","article-title":"New data on Warrana besnardi, a tiny bivalve mollusk from the Southwestern Brazilian coast","volume":"38","author":"Batist\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Malacological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12108\/ref-3","first-page":"193","article-title":"Diagnoses de coquilles nouvelles de lamellibranches (Genres Hochstetteria et Condylocardia)","volume":"2","author":"Bernard","year":"1896a","journal-title":"Bulletin de Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle Paris"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12108\/ref-4","first-page":"169","article-title":"\u00c9tudes comparatives sur la coquille des Lamellibranches Condylocardia, type nouveau de Lamellibranches","volume":"44","author":"Bernard","year":"1896b","journal-title":"Journal de Conchyliogie"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12108\/ref-5","first-page":"1","article-title":"La coquilles des lamellibranches. 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