{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:43:37Z","timestamp":1772268217799,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Psychology at Massey University, New Zealand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Traditional face-to-face laboratory studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of how misinformation effects develop. However, an area of emerging concern that has been relatively under-researched is the impact of misinformation following exposure to traumatic events that are viewed online. Here we describe a novel method for investigating misinformation effects in an online context. Participants (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 99) completed the study online. They first watched a 10-min video of a fictional school shooting. Between 5 and 10 days later, they were randomly assigned to receive misinformation or no misinformation about the video before completing a recognition test. Misinformed participants were less accurate at discriminating between misinformation and true statements than control participants. This effect was most strongly supported by ROC analyses (Cohen\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.59, BF10 = 8.34). Misinformation effects can be established in an online experiment using candid violent viral-style video stimuli.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T05:59:36Z","timestamp":1637215176000},"page":"e12299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Misinformation effects in an online sample: results of an experimental study with a five day retention interval"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Olivia","family":"Sievwright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-8018","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Philipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Work-Learn Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3744-8143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kirsty","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12299\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/syp5a","article-title":"Using anchor-based methods to determine the smallest effect size of interest","author":"Anvari","year":"2019","journal-title":"PsyArXiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12299\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00131857.2019.1602891","article-title":"Terrorism, trauma, tolerance: bearing witness to white supremacist attack on Muslims in Christchurch, New Zealand","volume":"52","author":"Besley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educational Philosophy and Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12299\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00192","article-title":"Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory","volume":"11","author":"Brainerd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12299\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002","article-title":"The simplest complete model of choice response time: linear ballistic accumulation","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.12299\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-019-01641-6","article-title":"Do lateral eye movements increase susceptibility to misinformation? 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