{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:56:20Z","timestamp":1789048580664,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Academic and Technical Leader Training Foundation"},{"name":"Sichuan Cadres Health Care Project"},{"name":"Research and Develop Program, West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University","award":["LCYJ2019-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCYJ2019-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nerve block technology is widely used in clinical practice for pain management. Conventional nerve localization methods, which only rely on palpation to identify anatomical landmarks, require experienced surgeons and can be risky. Visualization technologies like ultrasound guidance can help prevent complications by helping surgeons locate anatomical structures in the surgical area and by guiding the operation using different kinds of images. There are several important and complex anatomical structures in the oral and maxillofacial regions. The current article reviews the application of ultrasound guidance in oral and maxillofacial nerve blocks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched the literature on the use of ultrasound guidance for the main nerve block techniques in the oral and maxillofacial regions using both PubMed and MEDLINE and summarized the findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A review of the literature showed that ultrasound guidance improves the safety and effectiveness of several kinds of puncture procedures, including nerve blocks. There are two approaches to blocking the mandibular nerve: intraoral and extraoral. This review found that the role of ultrasound guidance is more important in the extraoral approach. There are also two approaches to the blocking of the maxillary nerve and the trigeminal ganglion under ultrasound guidance: the superazygomatic approach and the infrazygomatic approach. The infrazygomatic approach can be further divided into the anterior approach and the posterior approach. It is generally believed that the anterior approach is safer and more effective. This review found that the effectiveness and safety of most oral and maxillofacial nerve block operations can be improved through the use of ultrasound guidance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T03:20:11Z","timestamp":1637896811000},"page":"e12543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Application of ultrasound guidance in the oral and maxillofacial nerve block"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liru","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12543\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0000000000000201","article-title":"The requisites of needle-to-nerve proximity for ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia: a scoping review of the evidence","volume":"41","author":"Abdallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.12543\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.09.016","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccal-plus-lingual infiltrations, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis","volume":"109","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral 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