{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:24:53Z","timestamp":1767911093240,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31772631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31772631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CAS Science and Technology Service Network Initiative","award":["KFJ-STS-ZDTP-075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFJ-STS-ZDTP-075"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Province Project","award":["2019RS3021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019RS3021"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Key Research and Development Project","award":["2020NK2049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020NK2049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Protein malnutrition remains a severe problem in ruminant production and can increase susceptibility to infection, especially during the growth stage. This study aimed to explore substituting soybean meal with corn on activation of the TLR pathway and potential impact on immune response bias towards Type 1 or Type 2 using growing female goats as experimental animals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty-four Xiangdong black goats (initial BW = 19.83 \u00b1 0.53 kg, about 8 \u00b1 0.3 months old) were selected and randomly divided into the corn-soybean meal basal diet group (CON, 10.77% protein) and replacing soybean meal with 100% of corn group (CRS, 5.52% protein). EDTA whole blood and serum samples were collected prior to slaughter for determinations of blood cell counts, anti-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies. The duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon tissues were collected after formal trial to study the effect of CRS diet on the expression of TLR4 pathway.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results showed CRS diet did not induce a significant change in immune function, as evidenced by the observations that white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (Neu), lymphocyte (Lym), monocyte (Mon), eosinophil (Eos), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-13, immunoglobin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM levels in serum were similar between the two groups. RT-PCR results showed the expression of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) and interferon-\u03b2 (IFN-\u03b2) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) were up-regulated in the colon of goats in the CRS group. No differences in the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) adaptor-like protein (TIRAP), IL-1 receptor\u2013associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), TNF receptor related factor 6 (TRAF6), NF-kappa B (NF-\u03baB), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) or activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the TLR4\/MyD88 dependent pathway were observed between the two groups for any of the tested tissue. However, the expression of NF-\u03baB activator (TANK) binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in TLR4\/MyD88 independent pathway was up-regulated in the duodenum and colon (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01), and the expression of interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3) was up-regulated (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) in colon.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results suggested that the CRS diet failed to induce a significant change in innate immunity and adaptive immunity in growing goats. However, the up-regulated TBK1 and IRF3 in the colon from the CRS goats suggests that the CRS diet may induce the expression of Th1-type proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory response through a TLR4-MyD88-independent pathway, and the colon may be the easiest targeted section in the intestinal tract.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T08:31:57Z","timestamp":1644222717000},"page":"e12910","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of substituting soybean meal with corn on immune function and gene expression of gut TLR4 pathway of growing goats"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan 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