{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T19:00:59Z","timestamp":1782327659118,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent epidemiological cohort studies have suggested that consumption of artificial sweeteners (AS) is associated with adverse cardiovascular events and mortality. However, these population association studies cannot establish a causal relationship. In this study we investigated the effect of long-term (1-year) consumption of AS (Equal and Splenda, two commonly used AS) on cardiovascular health and survival in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (both sexes, 4\u20135 months old) were randomized into the following 3 groups: control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a021), AS Equal (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a021) and Splenda (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a018). In the AS groups, Equal or Splenda was added to the drinking water (2-packets\/250 ml), while drinking water alone was used in the control rats. The treatment was administered for 12 months. Cardiovascular function and survival were monitored in all animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It was found that rats in the AS groups consistently consumed more sweetened water than those in the control group. AS did not affect body weight, non-fasting blood cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure or pulse wave velocity. There were no significant differences in left ventricular wall thicknesses, chamber dimension, cardiac function or survival. AS did not affect heart rate or atrial effective refractory period. However, rats in both Equal and Splenda groups had prolonged PR intervals (63\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05ms in Equal, 68\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06 ms in Splenda, vs 56\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08 ms in control,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and a tendency of increased atrial fibrillation inducibility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long-term consumption of AS does not affect cardiovascular structure, function or survival but may cause some electrophysiological abnormalities with prolonged PR intervals and a tendency of increased atrial fibrillation inducibility in rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  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