{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T17:05:54Z","timestamp":1744045554236,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bats of the genus <jats:italic>Lasiurus<\/jats:italic> occur throughout the Americas and have diversified into at least 20 species among three subgenera. The hoary bat (<jats:italic>Lasiurus cinereus<\/jats:italic>) is highly migratory and ranges farther across North America than any other wild mammal. Despite the ecological importance of this species as a major insect predator, and the particular susceptibility of lasiurine bats to wind turbine strikes, our understanding of hoary bat ecology, physiology, and behavior remains poor.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To better understand adaptive evolution in this lineage, we used whole-genome sequencing to identify protein-coding sequence and explore signatures of positive selection. Gene models were predicted with Maker and compared to seven well-annotated and phylogenetically representative species. Evolutionary rate analysis was performed with PAML.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 9,447 single-copy orthologous groups that met evaluation criteria, 150 genes had a significant excess of nonsynonymous substitutions along the <jats:italic>L. cinereus<\/jats:italic> branch (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 after manual review of alignments). Selected genes as a group had biased expression, most strongly in thymus tissue. We identified 23 selected genes with reported immune functions as well as a divergent paralog of <jats:italic>Steep1<\/jats:italic> within suborder Yangochiroptera. Seventeen genes had roles in lipid and glucose metabolic pathways, partially overlapping with 15 mitochondrion-associated genes; these adaptations may reflect the metabolic challenges of hibernation, long-distance migration, and seasonal variation in prey abundance. The genomic distribution of positively selected genes differed significantly from background expectation by discrete Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Remarkably, the top three physical clusters all coincided with islands of conserved synteny predating Mammalia, the largest of which shares synteny with the human cat-eye critical region (CECR) on 22q11. This observation coupled with the expansion of a novel <jats:italic>Tbx1<\/jats:italic>-like gene family may indicate evolutionary innovation during pharyngeal arch development: both the CECR and <jats:italic>Tbx1<\/jats:italic> cause dosage-dependent congenital abnormalities in thymus, heart, and head, and craniodysmorphy is associated with human orthologs of other positively selected genes as well.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T08:02:17Z","timestamp":1647504137000},"page":"e13130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Positively selected genes in the hoary bat (<i>Lasiurus cinereus<\/i>) lineage: prominence of thymus expression, immune and metabolic function, and regions of ancient synteny"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-2192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert 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