{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:39:05Z","timestamp":1788993545782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012545","name":"Stiftung f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche Forschung an der Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["STWF-18-025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["STWF-18-025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31003A_169395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31003A_169395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Federal Commission for Scholarships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Domestication, including selective breeding, can lead to morphological changes of biomechanical relevance. In birds, limb proportions and sternum characteristics are of great importance and have been studied in the past for their relation with flight, terrestrial locomotion and animal welfare. In this work we studied the effects of domestication and breed formation in limb proportions and sternum characteristics in chicken (\n                      <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), mallard ducks (\n                      <jats:italic>Anas plathyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and Muscovy ducks (\n                      <jats:italic>Cairina moschata<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      First, we quantified the proportional length of three long bones of the forelimb (humerus, radius, and carpometacarpus) and the hind limb (femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus) in domestic chickens, mallard ducks, and Muscovy ducks and their wild counterparts. For this, we took linear measurements of these bones and compared their proportions in the wild\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      the domestic group in each species. In chicken, these comparisons could also be conducted among different breeds. We then evaluated the proportional differences in the context of static and ontogenetic allometry. Further, we compared discrete sternum characteristics in red jungle fowl and chicken breeds. In total, we examined limb bones of 287 specimens and keel bones of 63 specimens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found a lack of significant change in the proportions of limb bones of chicken and Muscovy duck due to domestication, but significant differences in the case of mallard ducks. Variation of evolvability, allometric scaling, and heterochrony may serve to describe some of the patterns of change we report. Flight capacity loss in mallard ducks resulting from domestication may have a relation with the difference in limb proportions. The lack of variation in proportions that could distinguish domestic from wild forms of chicken and Muscovy ducks may reflect no selection for flight capacity during the domestication process in these groups. In chicken, some of the differences identified in the traits discussed are breed-dependent. The study of the sternum revealed that the condition of crooked keel was not unique to domestic chicken, that some sternal characteristics were more frequent in certain chicken breeds than in others, and that overall there were no keel characteristics that are unique for certain chicken breeds. Despite some similar morphological changes identified across species, this study highlights the lack of universal patterns in domestication and breed formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T04:05:12Z","timestamp":1651032312000},"page":"e13229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Skeletal variation in bird domestication: limb proportions and sternum in chicken, with comparisons to mallard ducks and Muscovy ducks"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carlos Manuel","family":"Herrera-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nagashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gross Anatomy and Morphogenesis, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Gebhardt-Henrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Animal Welfare Division, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Animal Welfare Division, Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo R.","family":"Sanchez-Villagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Composi\u00e7\u00e3o da avifauna em oito \u00e1reas \u00famidas da Bacia Hidrogr\u00e1fica do Lago Gua\u00edba, Rio Grande do Sul [Composition of the avifauna in eight wetlands of the Basin Lake Guaiba, Rio Grande do Sul]","volume":"14","author":"Accordi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia - Brazilian Journal of Ornithology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393390700147X","article-title":"Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication","volume":"63","author":"Al-Nasser","year":"2007","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3406\/bifea.1998.1273","article-title":"Interpretaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica acerca de la domesticaci\u00f3n del pato criollo (Cairina moschata)","volume":"27","author":"Angulo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin de l\u2019Institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019\u00e9tudes andines"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.21900\/j.inhs.v30.157","article-title":"Migrational behavior of mallards and black ducks as determined from banding","volume":"30","author":"Bellerose","year":"1970","journal-title":"Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180325","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.180325","article-title":"The broiler chicken as a signal of a human reconfigured biosphere","volume":"5","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0353","article-title":"Muscle function in avian flight: achieving power and control","volume":"366","author":"Biewener","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13229\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679199A92806965.en","article-title":"Gallus gallus. 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