{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:27:04Z","timestamp":1792808824766,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key R&D project of Shanxi Province","award":["201803D221023-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201803D221023-2"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project","award":["2016ZZ07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016ZZ07"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05e9f5362","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31402156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31402156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three probiotics and their interactions on growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption, and nutrient transporters in broilers. A total of 350 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into seven groups: the control group (broilers receiving normal drinking water), groups P1, P2 and P3 (broilers receiving drinking water with 1%\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively) and groups CP1, CP2 and CP3 (broilers receiving drinking water with a 1% compound probiotic mixture in 2:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:1:2 ratios, respectively). The feeding period was divided into two experimental periods: 1\u223c21 days and 22\u223c42 days. Compared to those in the control group, the broiler slaughter indexes and average daily feed intakes in the probiotics groups were not significantly different (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05), but the villus height in the small intestine increased significantly, and the crypt depth decreased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In the 1- to 21-day, experimental period, the broiler average daily gains in groups CP2 and CP3 were significantly greater than that in the control group. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities in the jejunum in groups CP and P3 increased significantly. GLUT2 mRNA expression in the probiotics group was significantly incresaed compared with that in the control group (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In the 22- to 42-day period, the average daily gain in the CP group was significantly greater than that in the control group. Amylase activity in the CP2 group, and lipase and trypsin activities in the CP, P1 and P3 groups increased significantly. The GLUT2 mRNA expression in the CP group increased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In summary, three probiotics and their interactions improved the digestibility and absorption of nutrients by increasing the activities of digestive enzymes, improving the morphology of the digestive tract, and upregulating the expression of GLUT2 mRNA in the intestinalcell membrane to improve the production performance in broilers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T04:50:15Z","timestamp":1652763015000},"page":"e13308","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effects of three probiotics and their interactions on the growth performance of and nutrient absorption in broilers"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lihuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10611","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1687-x","article-title":"The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition","volume":"25","author":"Alagawany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research International"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.06.012","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of the feed contaminant deoxynivalenol on glucose absorption in broiler chickens","volume":"202","author":"Awad","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey116","article-title":"Dietary effects of Bacillus subtilis fmbj on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and its antioxidant capacity of broilers","volume":"97","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1690-y","article-title":"Modulation of intestinal microbiota, morphology and mucin composition by dietary insect meal inclusion in free-range chickens","volume":"14","author":"Biasato","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13182","article-title":"Microstructure of the small intestine in broiler chickens fed a diet with probiotic or synbiotic supplementation","volume":"103","author":"Bogucka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1017\/s0043933915002391","article-title":"Organic acids for improving intestinal health of poultry","volume":"71","author":"Broom","year":"2015","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01336","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics to prevent necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: a microbiologist\u2019s perspective","volume":"6","author":"Caly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0170179","article-title":"Effects of multi-strain probiotics combined with gardeniae fructus on intestinal microbiota, metabolites, and morphology in broilers","volume":"56","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Poultry Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1039\/c4fo00994k","article-title":"Effects of xylitol on carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity, intestinal glucose absorption and muscle glucose uptake: a multi-mode study","volume":"6","author":"Chukwuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food and Function"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.01.035","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view","volume":"148","author":"Clemente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7010017","article-title":"The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health","volume":"7","author":"Conlon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228338","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228338","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2\/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation in drinking water on chicken crop and caeca microbiome","volume":"15","author":"De Cesare","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09549-2","article-title":"Assessment of in ovo administration of bifidobacterium bifidum and bifidobacterium longum on performance, ileal histomorphometry, blood hematological, and biochemical parameters of broilers","volume":"12","author":"El-Moneim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex039","article-title":"Interference of age and supplementation of direct-fed microbial and essential oil in the activity of digestive enzymes and expression of genes related to transport and digestion of carbohydrates and proteins in the small intestine of broilers","volume":"96","author":"Fernandez-Alarcon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.031","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production","volume":"141","author":"Gagg\u00eca","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-62-361-2019","article-title":"The effects of fermented milk products (kefir and yogurt) and probiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and gut microbial population in broiler chickens","volume":"62","author":"Ghasemi-Sadabadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives Animal Breeding"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13089","article-title":"Effects of three probiotic Bacillus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidative capacity, serum immunity, and biochemical parameters in broilers","volume":"89","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal Science Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135869","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of chromium propionate on growth performance, intestinal health, immune response and nutrient transporter gene expression in broilers","volume":"705","author":"Hayat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.06.004","article-title":"Lactate and short chain fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation downregulate proinflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells and myeloid cells","volume":"220","author":"Iraporda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-015-1103-x","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of a mixture of Lactobacillus strains enhances performance of broiler chickens raised under heat stress conditions","volume":"60","author":"Jahromi","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Biometeorology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0180081","article-title":"Effects of Hogweed (Heracleum persicum) powder, flavophospholipol, and probiotics as feed supplements on the performance, carcass and blood characteristics, intestinal microflora, and immune response in broilers","volume":"56","author":"Javandel","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Poultry Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1315051","article-title":"Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"58","author":"Jazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Poultry Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey035","article-title":"Effects of Pediococcus acidilactici, mannan-oligosaccharide, butyric acid and their combination on growth performance and intestinal health in young broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium","volume":"97","author":"Jazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.6.886","article-title":"Digestive and bacterial enzyme activities in broilers fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus cultures","volume":"79","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex262","article-title":"Differential mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in male and female chickens","volume":"97","author":"Kaminski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00418","article-title":"Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens","volume":"89","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.b1500160","article-title":"Long-term effects of oral tea polyphenols and Lactobacillus brevis M8 on biochemical parameters, digestive enzymes, and cytokines expression in broilers","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University Science B"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2007.05.002","article-title":"Screening of bifidobacteria with acquired tolerance to human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01945-8","article-title":"Comparative influence of dietary probiotic, yoghurt, and sodium butyrate on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, blood hematology, and immune response of meat-type chickens","volume":"51","author":"Makled","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607109336599","article-title":"Butyrate increases GLUT2 mRNA abundance by initiating transcription in Caco2-BBe cells","volume":"33","author":"Mangian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parenteral Enter"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13332","article-title":"Performance of an Escherichia coli phytase expressed in Lactococcus lactis on nutrient retention, bone traits and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"104","author":"Mohammadi\u00a0Ziarat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.001","article-title":"The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters","volume":"34","author":"Mueckler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2014.077982","article-title":"Characterization of butyrate transport across the luminal membranes of equine large intestine","volume":"99","author":"Nedjadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05006-6","article-title":"Risk of multi-drug resistant Campylobacter spp. and residual antimicrobials at poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh","volume":"20","author":"Neogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09640-z","article-title":"Probiotics: an antibiotic replacement strategy for healthy broilers and productive rearing","author":"Neveling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0190035","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of lactobacillus reuteri on mucosal barrier function in the digestive tract of broiler chicks","volume":"57","author":"Nii","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Poultry Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-37","first-page":"37","article-title":"The influence of supplementation of lactobacillus sporogenes on the performance of broilers","volume":"22","author":"Panda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-940X.2015.00026.1","article-title":"Effects of probiotics supplementation on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and economics of broilers","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-39","first-page":"231","article-title":"Supplementary effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 on digestive enzyme activities, antioxidation capacity and blood homeostasis in broiler","volume":"15","author":"Rajput","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e931-e940","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12858","article-title":"Effect of organic acids or probiotics alone or in combination on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens","volume":"102","author":"Rodjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01935-w","article-title":"Effects of probiotic lactic acid bacteria on growth performance, carcass characteristics, hematological indices, humoral immunity, and IGF-I gene expression in broiler chicken","volume":"51","author":"Salehizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02947","article-title":"Supplementation of direct-fed microbials as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance, immune response, cecal microbial population, and ileal morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Salim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-017-0122-9","article-title":"Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Military Medical Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez010","article-title":"Pulicaria gnaphalodes powder in broiler diets: consequences for performance, gut health, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid profile","volume":"98","author":"Shirani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5571","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez310","article-title":"Effects of a combination of xylanase, amylase and protease, and probiotics on major nutrients including amino acids and non-starch polysaccharides utilization in broilers fed different level of fibers","volume":"98","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez368","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 on the intestinal structural integrity and growth performance of broiler chickens under necrotic enteritis challenge","volume":"98","author":"Sokale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2013.01.016","article-title":"Effects of copper-exchanged montmorillonite, as alternative to antibiotic, on diarrhea, intestinal permeability and proinflammatory cytokine of weanling pigs","volume":"77","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Clay Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03455","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic mixture on intestinal microflora, morphology, and barrier integrity of broilers subjected to heat stress","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.11.002","article-title":"A call for antibiotic alternatives research","volume":"21","author":"Stanton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12757","article-title":"Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii alters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Science Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-51","volume-title":"Performance ferms and measurement for poultry: NY\/T 823-2004[S]","author":"The Ministry of Agriculture of the People\u2019s Republic\u00a0of China","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3451-1","article-title":"GLUT2, glucose sensing and glucose homeostasis","volume":"58","author":"Thorens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex061","article-title":"Prevention of Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens with Lactobacillus plantarum B1","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01530-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01530-14","article-title":"Clostridium ramosum promotes high-fat diet-induced obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models","volume":"5","author":"Woting","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09538-5","article-title":"Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ameliorates H2O2-induced oxidative damage by regulating transporters, tight junctions, and apoptosis gene expression in cell line IPEC-1","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13308\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0061-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, Clostridium butyricum, on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13308.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13308.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13308.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13308.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1652763033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.13308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.13308","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"article-number":"e13308"}}