{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:26:32Z","timestamp":1780543592804,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653436800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand"},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund"},{"name":"Toray Science Foundation, and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University","award":["CUFRB65_food(6)_114_23_44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUFRB65_food(6)_114_23_44"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bee pollen (BP) is full of useful nutrients and phytochemicals.Its chemical components and bioactivities depend mainly on the type of floral pollen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Monofloral BP from\n                      <jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.,\n                      <jats:italic>Mimosa diplotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Helianthus annuus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.,\n                      <jats:italic>Nelumbo nucifera<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Xyris complanata<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Ageratum conyzoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      were harvested. Crude extraction and partition were performed to yield solvent-partitioned extracts of each BP. Total phenolic content (TPC) was assayed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the flavonoid content (FC) was measured by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the (i) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, (ii) 2,2\u2019-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity and its Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and (iii) ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All samples were tested for lipoxygenase inhibitory (LOXI) activity. The most active sample was enriched by silica gel 60 column chromatography (SiG60-CC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), observing the chemical pattern of each fraction using thin layer chromatography. Chemical structure of the most active compound was analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dichloromethane (DCM)-partitioned BP extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>H. annuus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. and\n                      <jats:italic>M. diplotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      (DCMMBP) showed a very high TPC, while DCMMBP had the highest FC. In addition, DCMMBP had the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities (as a TEAC value), as well as FRAP value. Also, DCMMBP (60 \u00b5g\/mL) gave the highest LOXI activity (78.60 \u00b1 2.81%). Hence, DCMMBP was chosen for further enrichment by SiG60-CC and HPLC. Following this, the most active fraction showed higher antioxidant andLOXI activities with an EC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      for DPPH and ABTS of 54.66 \u00b1 3.45 \u00b5g\/mL and 24.56 \u00b1 2.99 \u00b5g\/mL (with a TEAC value of 2,529.69 \u00b1 142.16 \u00b5mole TE\/g), respectively, and a FRAP value of 3,466.17 \u00b1 81.30 \u00b5mole Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/g and an IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      for LOXI activity of 12.11 \u00b1 0.36 \u00b5g\/mL. Triferuloyl spermidines were revealed to be the likely main active components.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TPC, FC, and spermidine derivatives played an important role in the antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in\n                      <jats:italic>M. diplotricha<\/jats:italic>\n                      bee pollen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]],"date-time":"2022-05-25T04:10:12Z","timestamp":1653451812000},"page":"e13506","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phytochemical content, especially spermidine derivatives, presenting antioxidant and antilipoxygenase activities in Thai bee pollens"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Phanthiwa","family":"Khongkarat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preecha","family":"Phuwapraisirisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanpen","family":"Chanchao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2015.07.008","article-title":"Metabolite profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis: use of correlation and multivariate analyses to identify potential bioactive compounds","volume":"76","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3896\/IBRA.4.02.4.01","article-title":"What is the future of Bee-Pollen?","volume":"2","author":"Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAAS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-3","volume-title":"Threatened plants in Thailand","author":"Chamchumroon","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10062440","article-title":"An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-12-45","article-title":"Chemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of corn pollen collected from Apis mellifera hives compared to floral corn pollen at Nan, Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Chantarudee","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2478\/jas-2019-0020","article-title":"Bee pollen extracts as potential antioxidants and inhibitors of \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase enzymes in vitro assessment","volume":"63","author":"Daudu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Apicultural Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12536","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12536","article-title":"Phenolic profile by HPLC-MS, biological potential, and nutritional value of a promising food: monofloral bee pollen","volume":"42","author":"De-Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Food Biochemistry"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2020.1716351","article-title":"Schomburgkixanthone, a novel bixanthone from the twigs of Garciniaschomburgkiana","volume":"35","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natural Product Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131724","article-title":"Recovery of biologically active compounds from stinging nettle leaves part I: supercritical carbon dioxide extraction","volume":"373","author":"Durovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13506\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.171103","article-title":"Anti-lipoxygenase activity of leaf gall extracts of Terminalia chebula (Gaertn.) 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