{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T18:12:32Z","timestamp":1780337552512,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81500546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81500546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute decompensation, organ failures, and high short-term mortality whose main cause in China is the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Moreover, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in HBV-ACLF patients is bacterial infection. Therefore, we investigate the clinical features, risk factors, prophylaxis and management of infections in patients with HBV-ACLF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective analysis of 539 patients with HBV-ACLF in Wuhan Tongji Hospital from October 2015 to May 2018. Differences among groups were compared with Student\u2019s t test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test, or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for modeling the relationship between infection and clinical characteristics of HBV-ACLF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total 58.81% (317\/539) of patients with HBV-ACLF became complicated with infections, and the most common types were spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, urinary tract infection and pulmonary infection. Additionally, 32.18% (102\/317) of patients suffered multi-organ infections, and 95.73% (516\/539) of patients received anti-infective therapy. We detected a total of 202 isolates in all infected patients, and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (36.14%, 73\/202) was the most common causative organism. Moreover, antibiotic susceptibility test patterns showed that 52.97% (107\/202) of pathogens were MDR bacteria and 4.95% (10\/202) were XDR bacteria. Univariate analysis indicated that patients with infection had a higher proportion of females, taking alcohol, diuretics, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), hepatorenal syndrome (HS), cirrhosis, a long-time in bed and mechanical ventilation, lower prothrombin activity (PTA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total cholesterol (TC), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hemoglobin (Hb) and platelet (PLT) and higher age, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores and ACLF grade than patients without infection. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that taking alcohol, HE, HS, cirrhosis, albumin and eGFR were risk factors for the development of infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial infections were very common in patients with HBV-ACLF. Taking alcohol, the occurrence of complications (HE, HS and cirrhosis), hypoalbuminemia and poor renal function often predict the higher prevalence of infections in patients with HBV-ACLF. It is important to focus on exploring the early recognition of infection and early intervention of those risk factors in patients with HBV-ACLF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T04:53:11Z","timestamp":1656996791000},"page":"e13519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Characteristics and risk factors of infections in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoxian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13519\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16041","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.41","article-title":"Acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis","volume":"2","author":"Arroyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13519\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/gox009","article-title":"Renal dysfunction in cirrhosis: acute kidney injury and the hepatorenal 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