{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:49:21Z","timestamp":1790117361151,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017832","name":"School of Natural Resources and Environment","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017832","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences (College of Agricultural and Life Sciences) of the University of Florida"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine mammals are under pressure from multiple threats, such as global climate change, bycatch, and vessel collisions. In this context, more frequent and spatially extensive surveys for abundance and distribution studies are necessary to inform conservation efforts. Marine mammal surveys have been performed visually from land, ships, and aircraft. These methods can be costly, logistically challenging in remote locations, dangerous to researchers, and disturbing to the animals. The growing use of imagery from satellite and unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) can help address some of these challenges, complementing crewed surveys and allowing for more frequent and evenly distributed surveys, especially for remote locations. However, manual counts in satellite and UAS imagery remain time and labor intensive, but the automation of image analyses offers promising solutions. Here, we reviewed the literature for automated methods applied to detect marine mammals in satellite and UAS imagery. The performance of studies is quantitatively compared with metrics that evaluate false positives and false negatives from automated detection against manual counts of animals, which allows for a better assessment of the impact of miscounts in conservation contexts. In general, methods that relied solely on statistical differences in the spectral responses of animals and their surroundings performed worse than studies that used convolutional neural networks (CNN). Despite mixed results, CNN showed promise, and its use and evaluation should continue. Overall, while automation can reduce time and labor, more research is needed to improve the accuracy of automated counts. With the current state of knowledge, it is best to use semi-automated approaches that involve user revision of the output. These approaches currently enable the best tradeoff between time effort and detection accuracy. Based on our analysis, we identified thermal infrared UAS imagery as a future research avenue for marine mammal detection and also recommend the further exploration of object-based image analysis (OBIA). Our analysis also showed that past studies have focused on the automated detection of baleen whales and pinnipeds and that there is a gap in studies looking at toothed whales, polar bears, sirenians, and mustelids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T03:37:54Z","timestamp":1655696274000},"page":"e13540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Remote sensing techniques for automated marine mammals detection: a review of methods and current challenges"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Esteban N.","family":"Rodofili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Lecours","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America"},{"name":"School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"LaRue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environment, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2001.968035","article-title":"Use of high resolution space imagery to monitor the abundance, distribution, and migration patterns of marine mammal populations","volume":"3","author":"Abileah","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12403","article-title":"Detectability and categorization of California sea lions using an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"33","author":"Adame","year":"2017","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02122","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2122","article-title":"Monitoring marine mammals using unmanned aerial vehicles: quantifying detection certainty","volume":"9","author":"Aniceto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12339","article-title":"Terrestrial habitat preferences and segregation of four pinniped species on the islands off the western coast of the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico","volume":"32","author":"Arias-del Razo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69887-y","article-title":"A comparison of baleen whale density estimates derived from overlapping satellite imagery and a shipborne survey","volume":"10","author":"Bamford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"100","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.014","article-title":"Geographic object-based image analysis\u2014towards a new paradigm","volume":"87","author":"Blaschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155817","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155817","article-title":"Bimodal Winter Haul-Out Patterns of Adult Weddell Seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in the Southern Weddell Sea","volume":"11","author":"Boehme","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000050349","article-title":"Escape responses of hauled out ringed seals (Phoca hispida) to aircraft disturbance","volume":"21","author":"Born Riget","year":"1999","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0212532","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212532","article-title":"Aerial-trained deep learning networks for surveying cetaceans from satellite imagery","volume":"14","author":"Borowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-10","article-title":"Use of satellite imagery to estimate walrus abundance at Round Island, Alaska","author":"Burn","year":"2005"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254380","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254380","article-title":"Mapping Arctic cetaceans from space: a case study for beluga and narwhal","volume":"16","author":"Charry","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650735","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.650735","article-title":"Cetacean strandings from space: challenges and opportunities of very high resolution satellites for the remote monitoring of cetacean mass strandings","volume":"8","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13581","article-title":"Automated detection of wildlife using drones: synthesis, opportunities and constraints","volume":"12","author":"Corcoran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12847","article-title":"Use of satellite imagery to identify southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) on a Southwest Atlantic Ocean breeding ground","volume":"38","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17863\/CAM.50428","article-title":"Whales from space: assessing the feasibility of using satellite imagery to monitor whales","author":"Cubaynes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Doctoral thesis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/mms.12544","article-title":"Whales from space: four mysticete species described using new VHR satellite imagery","volume":"35","author":"Cubaynes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marine Mammal Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13359-3","article-title":"Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-18","first-page":"441","article-title":"Small-boat surveys for coastal dolphins: line-transect surveys for Hector\u2019s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori)","volume":"102","author":"Dawson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fishery Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.205","article-title":"Machine learning to detect marine animals in UAV imagery: effect of morphology, spacing, behaviour and habitat","volume":"7","author":"Dujon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9060543","article-title":"The Use of unmanned aerial systems in marine mammal research","volume":"9","author":"Fiori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214266","article-title":"Evaluation of satellite imagery for monitoring pacific walruses at a large Coastal Haulout","volume":"13","author":"Fischbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222498","article-title":"Using remote sensing to detect whale strandings in remote areas: the case of sei whales mass mortality in Chilean Patagonia","volume":"14","author":"Fretwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e88655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088655","article-title":"Whales from space: counting southern right whales by satellite","volume":"9","author":"Fretwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-014-1625-4","article-title":"A small unmanned aerial system for estimating abundance and size of Antarctic predators","volume":"38","author":"Goebel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111617","article-title":"SealNet: a fully-automated pack-ice seal detection pipeline for sub-meter satellite imagery","volume":"239","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2016-0029","article-title":"An assessment of thermal-image acquisition with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for direct counts of coastal marine mammals ashore","volume":"6","author":"Gooday","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13246","article-title":"Drones and convolutional neural networks facilitate automated and accurate cetacean species identification and photogrammetry","volume":"10","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50795-9","article-title":"Whale counting in satellite and aerial images with deep learning","volume":"9","author":"Guirado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-29","first-page":"1383","article-title":"Boat effects on the behaviour of Indo-Pacific Humpback (Sousa chinensis) and Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Cowie Bay, Sabah, Malaysia","volume":"40","author":"Hashim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sains Malaysiana"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-30","first-page":"47","article-title":"Survey techniques for estimating abundance of cetaceans","volume":"11","author":"Hiby","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e79556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079556","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveying marine fauna: a dugong case study","volume":"8","author":"Hodgson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.1519","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles for surveying marine fauna: assessing detection probability","volume":"27","author":"Hodgson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecological Applications"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12973","article-title":"How do you find the green sheep? A critical review of the use of remotely sensed imagery to detect and count animals","volume":"9","author":"Hollings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00422","article-title":"Route fidelity during marine megafauna migration","volume":"4","author":"Horton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00414","article-title":"Multi-decadal humpback whale migratory route fidelity despite oceanographic and geomagnetic change","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Marine Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030963","article-title":"The potential of satellite imagery for surveying whales","volume":"21","author":"H\u00f6schle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010318-095323","article-title":"Unoccupied aircraft systems in marine science and conservation","volume":"11","author":"Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Marine Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.47536\/jcrm.v11i3.603","article-title":"An inventory and evaluation of unmanned aerial systems for offshore surveys of marine mammals","volume":"11","author":"Koski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cetacean Research and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.124","article-title":"Engaging the crowd in remote sensing to learn about habitat affinity of the Weddell seal in Antarctica","volume":"6","author":"LaRue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-011-1023-0","article-title":"Satellite imagery can be used to detect variation in abundance of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in Erebus Bay, Antarctica","volume":"34","author":"LaRue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12877","article-title":"Physical and ecological factors explain the distribution of Ross Sea Weddell seals during the breeding season","volume":"612","author":"LaRue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabh3674","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh3674","article-title":"Insights from the first global population estimate of Weddell seals in Antarctica","volume":"7","author":"LaRue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2384-4","article-title":"Estimating the abundance of polar bears on Wrangel Island during late summer using high-resolution satellite imagery: a pilot study","volume":"41","author":"LaRue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polar Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12809","article-title":"Feasibility of using high-resolution satellite imagery to assess vertebrate wildlife populations","volume":"31","author":"LaRue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.596","article-title":"Testing methods for using high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor polar bear abundance and distribution","volume":"39","author":"LaRue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12046","article-title":"Are unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) the future of wildlife monitoring? A review of accomplishments and challenges","volume":"45","author":"Linchant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mammal Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000139863","article-title":"Change detection techniques","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-48","article-title":"Effects of aircraft on cetaceans: implications for aerial whalewatching","author":"Luksenburg","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696745","article-title":"Detection of dugongs from unmanned aerial vehicles","author":"Maire","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automated marine mammal detection from aerial imagery","author":"Mejias Alvarez","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804327-1.00117-5","article-title":"Endangered Species and Populations","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals","author":"Merrick","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804327-1.00253-3","article-title":"Surveys","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals","author":"Moore","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359013020106","article-title":"The possibility of using high resolution satellite images for detection of marine mammals","volume":"40","author":"Platonov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2015-0013","article-title":"Assessing use of and reaction to unmanned aerial systems in gray and harbor seals during breeding and molt in the UK","volume":"3","author":"Pomeroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4040064","article-title":"Operational protocols for the use of drones in marine animal research","volume":"4","author":"Raoult","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drones"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-56","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Job-related mortality of wildlife workers in the United States, 1937-2000","volume":"31","author":"Sasse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108214","article-title":"Drones for research on sea turtles and other marine vertebrates\u2014a review","volume":"238","author":"Schofield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45127","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45127","article-title":"Automated detection and enumeration of marine wildlife using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and thermal imagery","volume":"7","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908903939","article-title":"Review Article Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2015-0017","article-title":"Assessment of known impacts of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) on marine mammals: data gaps and recommendations for researchers in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00867","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal patterns in acoustic detections of sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus along the continental slope in the western North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"35","author":"Stanistreet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endangered Species Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012074","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/278\/1\/012074","article-title":"Development of observing dolphin population method using Small Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial System (AUV). IOP Conference Series","volume":"278","author":"Subhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-63","first-page":"27","article-title":"Chapter 2: Detecting humpback whales from high resolution satellite imagery (2018). In Thums M., Jenner C., Waples K., Salgado Kent C. & Meekan M. Humpback whale use of the Kimberley; understanding and monitoring spatial distribution. Report of Project 1.2.1 prepared for the Kimberley Marine Research Program, Western Australian Marine Science Institution, Perth, Western Australia","author":"Thums","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2014.11.048","article-title":"Free and open-access satellite data are key to biodiversity conservation","volume":"182","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Conservation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-65","article-title":"Databases","author":"UF George A. Smathers Libraries","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-66","article-title":"What are the band designations for the Landsat satellites?","author":"United States Geological Survey","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11111308","article-title":"Surveying wild animals from satellites, manned aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs): a review","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sensing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-68","first-page":"41","article-title":"Behaviour of cetaceans in the Northern Gulf of Mexico relative to survey ships and aircraft","volume":"24","author":"W\u00fcrsig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquatic Mammals"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.04.002","article-title":"A review of accuracy assessment for object-based image analysis: from per-pixel to per-polygon approaches","volume":"141","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13540\/ref-70","article-title":"RemoteID. Identification of Atlantic Walrus at haul out sites in Greenland using high-resolution satellite images. Technical report (111) Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland","author":"Zinglersen","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13540.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13540.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13540.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13540.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T06:58:48Z","timestamp":1700722728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13540"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.13540"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.13540","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.13540v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.13540v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.13540v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]]},"article-number":"e13540"}}