{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T02:47:41Z","timestamp":1767840461722,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2021JZ-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JZ-57"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Innovative Talents Program-Youth Science and Technology Rising Star Project","award":["2021KJXX-88"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KJXX-88"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Land Engineering Construction Group Internal Project","award":["DJNY2022-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DJNY2022-24"]}]},{"name":"Technology innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements"},{"name":"Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd. and Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University","award":["2021WHZ0087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021WHZ0087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soft rock is a new material that could be used for the improvement of Mu Us Sandy Land, China. It can be utilized for wind prevention and sand fixation, both of which are of great importance to ecological restoration aims and cultivated land replenishment in desert areas. Four treatments with different compound ratios of soft rock and sand\u20140:1 (CK), 1:5 (P1), 1:2 (P2), and 1:1 (P3)\u2014were studied. Fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing were used to analyze the structure and diversity of the bacterial community in the compound soil and its relationship with physical and chemical parameters in the soil. The results showed that in comparison to CK treatment, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and NH<jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">+<\/jats:sup>-N increased significantly in the P1 treatment; available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and NO<jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">\u2212<\/jats:sup>-N increased significantly in the P3 treatment. The bacterial gene copy number with P3 treatment was highest, showing a significant increase of 182.05% compared with the CK treatment. The three bacterial groups with the highest relative abundance at the phylum level were <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Chloroflexi<\/jats:italic>, accounting for more than 70% of the total population. The bacterial \u03b1 diversity showed the same trend, the diversity and abundance indices of the P1 and P3 treatments were the highest, and the \u03b2 diversity showed that the community structure of the two groups in these treatments were similar. <jats:italic>norank_f__Roseiflexaceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Gaiella<\/jats:italic> (belonging to <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>) significantly differed with differing compound ratios in each treatment. NO<jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">3<\/jats:sub><jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">\u2212<\/jats:sup>-N, NH<jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">+<\/jats:sup>-N and SOC were the main factors affecting bacterial community structure, and had a significant positive correlation with <jats:italic>Gaiella<\/jats:italic> abundance. These species are known to play an important role in stabilizing the soil structure of sandy land. Overall, 1:5 and 1:1 compound soil mixtures were beneficial towards the microbial community of sandy land, which plays an important role in biological sand fixation. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the supplementation of arable land area and the improvement of sandy land productivity, and has a good promotion prospect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T08:09:38Z","timestamp":1655798978000},"page":"e13561","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of soft rock on soil properties and bacterial community in Mu Us Sandy Land, China"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"},{"name":"Institute of Land Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Provincial Land Engineering Construction Group Co., Ltd., Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123398","article-title":"Bacterial community structure and gene function prediction in response to long-term running of dual graphene modified bioelectrode bioelectrochemical systems","volume":"309","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117851","article-title":"Ecological network analysis reveals distinctive microbial modules associated with heavy metal contamination of abandoned mine soils in Korea","volume":"289","author":"Chun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.212","article-title":"Soil microbial community composition and its role in carbon mineralization in long-term fertilization paddy soils","volume":"580","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sciene of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.11766\/trxb201603150062","article-title":"Soil bacteria diversity in rhizosphere under two types of vegetation restoration based on high throughput sequencing","volume":"54","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pedologica Sinica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-016-1559-2","article-title":"Contrasting response of two grassland soils to N addition and moisture levels: N2O emission and functional gene abundance","volume":"17","author":"Di","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Soils and Sediments"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-6466-8","article-title":"Variations in bacterial and fungal communities through soil depth profiles in a Betula albosinensis forest","volume":"55","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Microbiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.04.072","article-title":"Functional and phylogenetic diversity assessment of microbial communities at Gulf of Kachchh, India: an ecological footprint","volume":"93","author":"Gosai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1002\/agj2.20376","article-title":"Soft rock increases the colloid content and crop yield in sandy soil","volume":"113","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agronomy Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-012-0562-9","article-title":"Potential role of feldspathic sandstone as a natural water retaining agent in Mu Us Sandy Land, Northwest China","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Geographical Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.16.2.2279-2302","article-title":"Effect of inorganic fertilizer application on soil microbial diversity in an oil palm plantation","volume":"18","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1071\/CP20132","article-title":"Amending aeolian sandy soil in the Mu Us Sandy Land of China with Pisha sandstone and increasing phosphorus supply were more effective than increasing water supply for improving plant growth and phosphorus and nitrogen nutrition of lucerne (Medicago sativa)","volume":"71","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crop & Pasture Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7522\/j.issn.1000-694X.2017.00020","article-title":"Sand-fixation effect and micro-mechanism of remixing soil by pisha sandstone and sand in the Mu Us Sandy Land","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Journal of Desert Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.056","article-title":"Identification of an endo-chitinase from Corallococcus sp. EGB and evaluation its antifungal properties","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.12765","article-title":"Differences in bacterial community structure between three types of biological soil crusts and soil below crusts from the Gurbantunggut Desert","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"China European Journal of Soil Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.16258\/j.cnki.1674-5906.2010.09","article-title":"Effect of land use changes on soil properties in Horqin Sandy Land","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology and Environmental Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2019.03.022","article-title":"Bacterial community response to cadmium contamination of agricultural paddy soil","volume":"139","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106626","article-title":"Assessment of heavy metal pollution and the effect on bacterial community in acidic and neutral soils","volume":"117","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2019.06.012","article-title":"Relationships between field management, soil health, and microbial community composition","volume":"144","author":"Mann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2011.01386.x","article-title":"Models relating soil pH measurements in water and calcium chloride that incorporate electrolyte concentration","volume":"62","author":"Minasny","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Soil Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-006-9020-5","article-title":"Spatial stratification of soil bacterial populations in aggregates of diverse soils","volume":"51","author":"Mummey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbial Ecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017000","article-title":"Pyrosequencing-based assessment of bacterial community structure along different management types in german forest and grassland soils","volume":"6","author":"Nacke","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2136\/sssabookser5.3.c34","article-title":"Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter","volume-title":"Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3-Chemical Methods","author":"Nelson","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336233","article-title":"The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae and bryophytes on some microbiological, biochemical, and physical soil properties","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biology and Fertility of Soils"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4178","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4178","article-title":"Profiling soil microbial communities with next-generation sequencing: the influence of DNA kit selection and technician technical expertise","volume":"5","author":"Soliman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(02)00144-X","article-title":"Soil microbial community composition and land use history in cultivated and grassland ecosystems of coastal california","volume":"34","author":"Steenwerth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6941.12143","article-title":"Dryland soil microbial communities display spatial biogeographic patterns associated with soil depth and soil parent material","volume":"86","author":"Steven","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Ecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3864\/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.09.010","article-title":"Changes in soil properties and accumulation of soil carbon after cultivation of desert sandy land in a marginal oasis in Hexi Corridor region, northwest China","volume":"50","author":"Su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientia Agricultura Sinica"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.5846\/stxb201907151496","article-title":"Effects of Artemisia vegetation built on soil bacteria in semi-arid sandy land","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecologica Sinica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.05.008","article-title":"Community structure and plant growth-promoting potential of cultivable bacteria isolated from Cameroon soil","volume":"214","author":"Tchakount\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiological Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.01.030","article-title":"Tracking C and N flows through microbial biomass with increased soil moisture variability","volume":"49","author":"Tiemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soil Biology & Biochemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.7606\/j.issn.1000-4025.2021.06.1036","article-title":"Analysis of soil microbial community structure and diversity in berberis verne habitat at different altitudes in alpine region","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e983","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.983","article-title":"Molecular ecological network analysis of the response of soil microbial communities to depth gradients in farmland soils","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.13961\/j.cnki.stbctb.2021.04.005","article-title":"The evolution of soil quality after the improvement of aeolian sandy soil by arsenic sandstone in Mu Us Sandy Land","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5463107","article-title":"Response of fractal analysis to soil quality succession in long-term compound soil improvement of Mu Us Sandy Land China","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mathematical Problems in Engineering"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13561\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139929","article-title":"Optimization of the land use pattern in horqin sandy land by using the clumondo model and bayesian belief network","volume":"739","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sciene of the Total Environment"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13561.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13561.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13561.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13561.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T08:10:02Z","timestamp":1655799002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/13561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.13561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.13561","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"article-number":"e13561"}}