{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:20:11Z","timestamp":1790709611834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019\/32\/C\/NZ4\/00150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/32\/C\/NZ4\/00150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences of University of Wroc\u0142aw","award":["501 KD76"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501 KD76"]}]},{"name":"Ulam Program of the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange","award":["PPN\/ULM\/2020\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPN\/ULM\/2020\/1\/00022\/U\/00001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excrement-shaped ferruginous masses have been recovered from the Miocene of Tur\u00f3w mine in south-western Poland. These siderite masses have been the subject of much controversy, having been interpreted either as being coprolites, cololithes or pseudofossils created by mechanical deformation of plastic sediment. Here we present the results of mineralogical, geochemical, petrographic and microtomographical analyses. Our data indicate that these masses consist of siderite and iron oxide rather than phosphate, and rarely contain recognizable food residues, which may suggest abiotic origins of these structures. On the other hand, evidence in support of a fecal origin include: (i) the presence of two distinct morphotypes differing in size and shape, (ii) the presence of rare hair-like structures or coalified inclusions and (iii) the presence of rare fine striations on the surface. Importantly, comparative actualistic study of recent vertebrate feces shows overall resemblance of the first morphotype (sausage-shaped with rare coalified debris) to excrements of testudinoid turtles (Testudinoidea), whose shell fragment was found in the investigated locality. The second morphotype (rounded to oval-shaped with hair-like structures), in turn, is similar to the feces of some snakes (Serpentes), the remains of which were noted in the Miocene of the neighborhood areas. Other potential producers (such as lizards and crocodiles) and even abiotic origins cannot be fully excluded but are less likely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T04:13:10Z","timestamp":1656907990000},"page":"e13652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative actualistic study hints at origins of alleged Miocene coprolites of Poland"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Brachaniec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"\u015arodek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawid","family":"Surmik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Nied\u017awiedzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences of University of Wroc\u0142aw, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios L.","family":"Georgalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-5101","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bartosz J.","family":"P\u0142achno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Lukeneder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Gorzelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz A.","family":"Salamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1306\/74D7084E-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D","article-title":"Coprolites: a review of the literature and a study of specimens from Southern Washington","volume":"28","author":"Amstutz","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/let.12156","article-title":"Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper Permian coprolites from Russia","volume":"49","author":"Bajdek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lethaia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1127\/nos\/36\/1998\/77","article-title":"The \u010cesk\u00e9 St\u0159edoho\u0159\u00ed magmatic complex in Northern Bohemia 40K-40Ar ages for volcanism and biostratigraphy of the Cenozoic freshwater formations","volume":"36","author":"Bellon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Newsletters on Stratigraphy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-4","first-page":"401","article-title":"Formation and development of the brown coal series in the Polish part of the \u017bytawa (Zittau) basin","volume":"II","author":"Bieniewski","year":"1966","journal-title":"Geologica Sudetica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-5","volume-title":"Revision der oligoz\u00e4nen und unter-mioz\u00e4nen Vertreter der Gattung Palaeoleuciscus (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) Mitteleuropas","author":"B\u00f6hme","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13652\/ref-6","first-page":"265","article-title":"Archaeotriton basalticus (v. 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