{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:45:22Z","timestamp":1772268322530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010034","name":"Walailak University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WU-IRG-63-073 and WUBG 031-2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WU-IRG-63-073 and WUBG 031-2565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010034","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials","award":["UIDB\/50011\/2020, UIDP\/50011\/2020, and LA\/P0006\/2020, FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50011\/2020, UIDP\/50011\/2020, and LA\/P0006\/2020, FCT\/MEC (PIDDAC)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Curcumin is an active compound derived from turmeric,\n                      <jats:italic>Curcuma longa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and is known for its benefits to human health. The amoebicidal activity of curcumin against\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was recently discovered. However, a physiological change of intracellular pathways related to\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      encystation mechanism, including autophagy in the surviving amoeba after curcumin treatment, has never been reported. This study aims to investigate the effect of curcumin on the survival of\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      under nutrient starvation and nutrient-rich condition, as well as to evaluate the\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      encystation and a physiological change of\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      autophagy at the mRNA level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study,\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      amoebas were treated with a sublethal dose of curcumin under nutrient starvation and nutrient-rich condition and the surviving amoebas was investigated. Cysts formation and vacuolization were examined by microscopy and transcriptional expression of autophagy-related genes and other encystation-related genes were evaluated by real-time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      cysts were formed under nutrient starvation. However, in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), the percentage of cysts was significantly reduced. Interestingly, in the presence of curcumin, most of the parasites remained in the trophozoite stage in both the starvation and nutrient-rich condition. In vacuolization analysis, the percentage of amoebas with enlarged vacuole was increased upon starvation. However, the percentage was significantly declined in the presence of curcumin and 3-MA. Molecular analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      autophagy-related (ATG) genes showed that the mRNA expression of the ATG genes, ATG3, ATG8b, ATG12, ATG16, under the starvation with curcumin was at a basal level along the treatment. The results were similar to those of the curcumin-treated amoebas under a nutrient-rich condition, except\n                      <jats:italic>Ac<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATG16 which increased later. On the other hand, mRNA expression of encystation-related genes, cellulose synthase and serine proteinase, remained unchanged during the first 18 h, but significantly increased at 24 h post treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Curcumin inhibits cyst formation in surviving trophozoites, which may result from its effect on mRNA expression of key\n                      <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      ATG-related genes. However, further investigation into the mechanism of curcumin in\n                      <jats:italic>A. triangularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      trophozoites arrest and its association with autophagy or other encystation-related pathways is needed to support the future use of curcumin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T03:32:20Z","timestamp":1656905540000},"page":"e13657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Curcumin effect on\n                    <i>Acanthamoeba triangularis<\/i>\n                    encystation under nutrient starvation"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9202-1594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachasak","family":"Boonhok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, and 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