{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:18:26Z","timestamp":1790702306745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among veterinary pathogens is necessary to identify clinically relevant patterns of AMR and to inform antimicrobial use practices. <jats:italic>Streptococcus equi<\/jats:italic> subsp.<jats:italic> zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rhodococcus equi<\/jats:italic> are bacterial pathogens of major clinical importance in horses and are frequently implicated in respiratory tract infections. The objectives of this study were to describe antimicrobial resistance patterns and identify predictors of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes) among equine <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic> zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Antimicrobial susceptibility data from equine specimens submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between 2012 and 2017 were used in the study. Temporal trends in AMR and MDR were assessed using the Cochran-Armitage test. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between patient characteristics and the following outcomes: (a) MDR among <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> and (b) resistance to macrolides and ansamycins (rifampin) among <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates. Logistic regression was also used to investigate whether resistance of <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates to an antimicrobial class could be predicted by resistance to other drug classes.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The vast majority of <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> (99.6%) and <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates (83%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, but no significant temporal trends in AMR were observed. Approximately half (53.3%) of the <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates were multidrug-resistant, and there was a significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) increasing temporal trend of MDR among <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates. Resistance to penicillin, which is typically recommended for treatment of suspected <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> infections, also increased during the study period, from 3.3% to 9.5%. Among <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates, 19.2% were resistant to one or more macrolide antibiotics, 24% were resistant to rifampin, and 15.6% were resistant to both macrolide(s) and rifampin. For both organisms, resistance to an antimicrobial class could be predicted based on resistance profiles to other drug classes. For instance, significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) predictors of <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-lactam resistance among <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates included resistance to macrolides (Odds Ratio (OR) = 14.7) and ansamycins (OR = 9.3). Resistance to phenicols (OR = 3.7) and ansamycins (OR = 19.9) were associated with higher odds of macrolide resistance among <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> isolates.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The increase in MDR among <jats:italic>S. zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates is concerning. The observed levels of resistance to macrolides and rifampin among <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic> are also worrisome given the limited number of antimicrobials available for treatment of this organism. The findings of this study highlight the importance of ongoing surveillance of AMR to guide treatment decisions and directions for future research.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T09:25:56Z","timestamp":1663752356000},"page":"e13682","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance among<i> Streptococcus equi<\/i> subspecies <i>zooepidemicus<\/i> and <i>Rhodococcus equi<\/i> isolated from equine specimens submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Kentucky, USA"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lord","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary 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