{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:52:49Z","timestamp":1787727169779,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Island Conservation, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, and the H. W. Hoover Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is home to ground nesting birds that are threatened by invasive mice. Planned rodent eradication efforts for the island involve aerial application of cereal bait pellets containing the chemical rodenticide brodifacoum. Given the nature of the application method, drift of cereal bait pellets into the coastal waters surrounding Midway Atoll is unavoidable. To understand whether cereal bait pellets impact marine invertebrates, gametes and larvae of the reef-building coral <jats:italic>Montipora capitata<\/jats:italic> were exposed to brodifacoum, cereal bait pellets containing brodifacoum, and inert cereal bait pellets without the rodenticide. Fertilization success and larval survival were assessed at nominal brodifacoum concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 ppb. Fertilization success decreased by 15% after exposure to 100 ppb brodifacoum solutions. Larval survival was not reduced by exposure to brodifacoum solutions. Cereal bait pellets containing brodifacoum reduced fertilization success at 10 ppb brodifacoum in 0.4 g per L pellet solutions by 34.84%, and inhibited fertilization at 100 ppb brodifacoum in 4 g of pellet per L solution. Inert cereal bait pellets had similar effects, reducing fertilization success at 0.4 g of pellet per L by 40.50%, and inhibiting fertilization at 4 g per L pellet solutions. Larval survival was reduced by &gt;43% after prolonged exposure to 4 g per L pellet solutions. The highest concentration used in this study was meant to represent an extreme and unlikely condition resulting from an accidental spill. Our findings indicate large amounts of cereal bait pellets entering the coastal environment of Midway Atoll, if occurring during a coral spawning event, would reduce coral reproduction by decreasing fertilization success. It is difficult to know the ecologically relevant concentrations of cereal bait pellets in coastal environments due to unavoidable bait drift after land applications, but results indicate small amounts of pellet drifting into coastal environments would not severely reduce coral reproductive capacity. Best management practices should consider known coral reproductive periods when scheduling applications of pellets on tropical islands to reduce the risk of negative impacts of large-scale accidents on corals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T09:03:51Z","timestamp":1660640631000},"page":"e13877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effects of brodifacoum cereal bait pellets on early life stages of the rice coral <i>Montipora capitata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alexandria L.","family":"Barkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Richmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.117","article-title":"Accumulation of anticoagulant rodenticides (chlorophacinone, bromadiolone and brodifacoum) in a non-target invertebrate, the slug, Deroceras reticulatum","volume":"610\u2013611","author":"Alomar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621517114","article-title":"Tropical dead zones and mass mortalities on coral reefs","volume":"114","author":"Altieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-008-9401-4","article-title":"Review of impacts of the introduced house mouse on islands in the Southern Ocean: are mice equivalent to rats?","volume":"11","author":"Angel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biological Invasions"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.05.020","article-title":"Reproductive characteristics and steroid levels in the scleractinian coral Oculina patagonica inhabiting contaminated sites along the Israeli Mediterranean coast","volume":"64","author":"Armoza-Zvuloni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7249-5_1","article-title":"Coral reefs in the anthropocene","volume-title":"Coral Reefs in the Anthropocene","author":"Birkeland","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13877\/ref-6","article-title":"Total economic value for protecting and restoring Hawaiian coral reef ecosystems. 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