{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:15:20Z","timestamp":1791454520840,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R25GM122672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25GM122672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000105","name":"Office of Advanced Cyberinfrastructure","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#1838807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1838807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Understanding how study design and monitoring strategies shape inference within, and synthesis across, studies is critical across biological disciplines. Many biological and field studies are short term and limited in scope. Monitoring studies are critical for informing public health about potential vectors of concern, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (black-legged ticks). Black-legged ticks are a taxon of ecological and human health concern due to their status as primary vectors of\n                      <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the bacteria that transmits Lyme disease. However, variation in black-legged tick monitoring, and gaps in data, are currently considered major barriers to understanding population trends and in turn, predicting Lyme disease risk. To understand how variable methodology in black-legged tick studies may influence which population patterns researchers find, we conducted a data synthesis experiment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched for publicly available black-legged tick abundance dataset that had at least 9 years of data, using keywords about ticks in internet search engines, literature databases, data repositories and public health websites. Our analysis included 289 datasets from seven surveys from locations in the US, ranging in length from 9 to 24 years. We used a moving window analysis, a non-random resampling approach, to investigate the temporal stability of black-legged tick population trajectories across the US. We then used t-tests to assess differences in stability time across different study parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All of our sampled datasets required 4 or more years to reach stability. We also found several study factors can have an impact on the likelihood of a study reaching stability and of data leading to misleading results if the study does not reach stability. Specifically, datasets collected via dragging reached stability significantly faster than data collected via opportunistic sampling. Datasets that sampled larva reached stability significantly later than those that sampled adults or nymphs. Additionally, datasets collected at the broadest spatial scale (county) reached stability fastest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used 289 datasets from seven long term black-legged tick studies to conduct a non-random data resampling experiment, revealing that sampling design does shape inferences in black-legged tick population trajectories and how many years it takes to find stable patterns. Specifically, our results show the importance of study length, sampling technique, life stage, and geographic scope in understanding black-legged tick populations, in the absence of standardized surveillance methods. Current public health efforts based on existing black-legged tick datasets must take monitoring study parameters into account, to better understand if and how to use monitoring data to inform decisioning. We also advocate that potential future forecasting initiatives consider these parameters when projecting future black-legged tick population trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T04:13:57Z","timestamp":1666152837000},"page":"e13916","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Longer study length, standardized sampling techniques, and broader geographic scope leads to higher likelihood of detecting stable abundance patterns in long term black-legged tick studies"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rowan","family":"Christie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Stack Whitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America"},{"name":"Science, Technology & Society Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie A.","family":"Bahlai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Science and Design Research Initiative, Kent State University, Kent, OH,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13916\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2021.101336","article-title":"The broken window: an algorithm for quantifying and characterizing misleading trajectories in ecological processes","volume":"64","author":"Bahlai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecological Informatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13916\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab169","article-title":"A geographic information system approach to map tick exposure risk at a scale for public health intervention","volume":"59","author":"Baldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13916\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13132","article-title":"When to monitor and when to act: value of information theory for multiple management units and limited budgets","volume":"55","author":"Bennett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Ecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13916\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12423","article-title":"When do we need more data? 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