{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:10:37Z","timestamp":1780632637633,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["22H0520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H0520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20K20270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K20270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20K10644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K10644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20K11262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K11262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Dokkyo International Medical Education and Research Foundation"},{"name":"The Research Grant 2021 of Dokkyo International Medical Education and Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Several psychiatric diseases impair temporal processing. Temporal processing is thought to be based on two domains: supra-second intervals and sub-second intervals. Studies show that temporal processing in sub-second intervals is mainly an automated process. However, the brain functions involved in temporal processing at each time scale remain unclear. We hypothesized that temporal processing in supra-second intervals requires several brain areas, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and inferior parietal lobe, corresponding to various cognitions in a time scale-dependent manner. We focused on a dual-task paradigm (DTP) involving simultaneous performance of cognitive and motor tasks, which is an effective method for screening psychomotor functions; we then designed a DTP comprising finger tapping at various tempi as the temporal processing task and two cognitive tasks (mental arithmetic and reading) that might affect temporal processing. We hoped to determine whether task-dependent interferences on temporal processing in supra-second intervals differed depending on the cognitive tasks involved.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The study included 30 participants with no history of neuromuscular disorders. Participants were asked to perform a DTP involving right index finger tapping at varying tempi (0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 s inter-tapping intervals). Cognitive tasks comprised mental arithmetic (MA) involving three-digit addition, mental reading (MR) of three- to four-digit numbers, and a control (CTL) task without any cognitive loading. For comparison between tasks, we calculated the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals. Participants\u2019 MA abilities in the three-digit addition task were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The MA and MR tasks significantly increased the SDs of the inter-tapping intervals compared to those of the CTL task in 2\u20133 s and 3\u20134 s for the MA and MR tasks, respectively. Furthermore, SD peaks in the finger-tapping tasks involving MA were normalized by those in the CTL task, which were moderately correlated with the participants\u2019 MA ability (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.462, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.010).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Our results established that DTP involving the temporal coordination of finger-tapping and cognitive tasks increased temporal variability in a task- and tempo-dependent manner. Based on the behavioral aspects, we believe that these modulations of temporal variability might result from the interaction between finger function, arithmetic processing, and temporal processing, especially during the \u201cpre-semantic period\u201d. Our findings may help in understanding the temporal processing deficits in various disorders such as dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and autism.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T07:27:22Z","timestamp":1661412442000},"page":"e13944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mental arithmetic modulates temporal variabilities of finger-tapping tasks in a tempo-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shun","family":"Irie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Smart Healthcare Research, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiteru","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsumichi","family":"Tachibana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Sakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Smart Healthcare Research, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Information & Communication Technology, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu-machi,  Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.13944\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm01","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric 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