{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T21:00:19Z","timestamp":1765486819572},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Communal Property Associations (CPAs) rangeland users need more knowledge on the state of their respective grazing lands and also the interaction of soil properties with grazing management implemented. This study aimed to investigate the effect grazing has on the physical and chemical properties of four different soil types found in selected CPAs of the Bela-Bela municipality, they are as follows: Mawela (Hutton-clay loam: HCL), Bela-Bela (Hutton-clay: HC), Moretele (Hutton-loamy sand: HLS) and Ramorula (Ecca sand-clay loam: ESCL).The macro and micro minerals, pH, nitrate-nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, organic carbon, soil particle size distribution, acidity and resistance were all measured. All data were subjected to two-way factorial analysis of variance (SAS, 2010). The topsoil was sampled at a depth of 300 mm at an interval of 100 m (100 and 200 m) from the same transect used for woody species data collection resulting in a total of 18 samples per CPA. In each CPA, three camps were selected. In each camp, three transects 200 m apart at the length of 200 m were set. In each transect, soils were drawn at 0, 100 and 200 m making a total of nine soil samples per each camp. The highest (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) pH (7.14) recorded on the sub-soil was in HLS. Nitrate nitrogen (2.4 mg\/kg) concentration on the topsoil was high (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in HC soil type. Soil organic carbon for both topsoil (0.66%) and subsoil (0.41%) was significantly lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in HLS soil type and ESCL soil type respectively. Phosphorus concentration was significantly high (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in ESCL soil type for both topsoil (12.86 mg\/kg) and sub-soil (1.59 mg\/kg). Iron concentration was high in both topsoil (11.8 mg\/kg) and sub-soil (7.3 mg\/kg) in ESCL soil type. Sub-soil manganese concentration was found to be higher (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in ESCL soil type (7.58 mg\/kg). Soil resistance (2880 \u03a9 ) measured in topsoil was high (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in HCL soil type compared to other soil types. Moreover, for the sub-soil the highest (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) resistance (least salts) (3640 \u03a9) was recorded in ESCL soil type. For most of the soil types, the mineral concentration was higher in topsoil than in sub-soil, this trend explains that the uptake of these minerals by plants took place due to the inconsistencies of grazing management employed in these selected CPA farms. It is of colossal significance to properly manage rangelands, to allow a fair-to-good herbaceous layer in the presence of minerals in the soils and farmer should prioritize having enclosures and keeping N-fixing tree species in the rangelands to achieve the above mentioned conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T08:06:57Z","timestamp":1666166817000},"page":"e13960","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Physical and chemical properties of the soils in selected communal properties associations of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Malizo","family":"Ntalo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khuliso Emmanuel","family":"Ravhuhali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethwell","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Fort Cox Agriculture and Forestry Training Institute, Middledrift,  Eastern Cape, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ntuwiseni Emile","family":"Mmbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Veld and Pasture Component, Tawoomba Agricultural Research Station, Bela-Bela, Limpopo Province, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwena Hilda","family":"Mokoboki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Security and Safety Niche Area, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.13960\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/09064710.2016.1230227","article-title":"Soil acidity under multiple land-uses: assessment of perceived causes and indicators, and nutrient dynamics in small-holders\u2019 mixed-farming system of northwest Ethiopia","volume":"67","author":"Abate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Agriculturae ScandInavica, Section B\u2014Soil & Plant 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