{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:19:59Z","timestamp":1791299999355,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664841600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In recent years\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been considered an important and frequent causative agent of health care-associated infections (HAIs), increasing the costs of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are the most important obstacles in the treatment of infections caused by this microorganism. The aim of this work was to determine the most prevalent STs, as well as the antibiotic resistance profile and biofilm formation of\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinical isolates obtained from hospitalized patients in two hospitals in Acapulco, Guerrero in two time periods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains isolated from patients with bacteremia in two hospitals in two time periods were analyzed. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility were performed using the Vitek automated system. Molecular confirmation of the identification and methicillin resistance was performed by duplex PCR of the\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>nuc<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Biofilm production was analyzed, and the clonal origin was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 14 antibiotic resistance profiles as well as 13 sequence types (ST), including the new ST761. We also found that ST2 and ST23 were the most prevalent and, together with ST59, were found in both time periods. Seventeen of our clinical isolates were multidrug-resistant, but all of them were sensitive to linezolid and vancomycin, and this was not related to biofilm production. Additionally, we standardized a duplex PCR to identify methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains. In conclusion,\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      STs 2, 23, and 59 were found in both time periods. This study is the first report of\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ST761. The clinical isolates obtained in this work showed a high multidrug resistance that is apparently not related to biofilm production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T03:11:07Z","timestamp":1664853067000},"page":"e14030","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Characterization of\n                    <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/i>\n                    clinical isolates from hospitalized patients with bloodstream infection obtained in two time periods"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0157-5696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica I.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Torres-A\u00f1orve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ech\u00e1niz-Aviles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica, Cuernavaca, Morelos, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isela","family":"Parra-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labotatorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Obesidad y Diabetes, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7037-6412","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arturo","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Patometabolismo Microbiano, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natividad","family":"Castro-Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, 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