{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:48:30Z","timestamp":1772268510821,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008638","name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Space for Habitat Project and Science Horizons Intern Program"},{"name":"Forest Renewal British Columbia"},{"name":"Tolko Limited"},{"name":"Forest Investment Account Forest Science Program"},{"name":"Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative Graduate Research Fund"},{"name":"Southern Interior Bluebird Trail Society"},{"name":"Junco Technologies Award"},{"name":"NSERC Doctoral Fellowship"},{"name":"University of British Columbia Pacific Graduate Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Examining direct and indirect effects on reproduction at multiple scales allows for a broad understanding of species\u2019 resilience to environmental change. We examine how the fecundity of the mountain chickadee (\n                      <jats:italic>Poecile gambeli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), a secondary cavity-nesting, insectivorous bird, varied in relation to factors at three scales: regional weather conditions, regional- and site-level food availability, site-level community dynamics, and nest-level cavity characteristics. We hypothesized that earlier laying dates and higher fecundity (clutch size, nest survival, brood size) would be associated with milder climatic conditions, increased food from insect outbreaks, lower densities of conspecifics and nest predators (red squirrel;\n                      <jats:italic>Tamiasciurus hudsonicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and safer (smaller, higher) cavities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected data on laying date, clutch size, brood size, nest fate (success\/failure), and cavity characteristics from 513 mountain chickadee nests in tree cavities in temperate mixed coniferous-broadleaf forest in interior British Columbia, Canada, from 2000 to 2011. We surveyed annual abundances of mountain chickadees and squirrels using repeated point counts, and mountain pine beetle (\n                      <jats:italic>Dendroctonus ponderosae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and lepidopteran defoliators by monitoring host trees and by using regional-scale aerial overview forest insect survey data. We used weather data (temperature, rain, snow) from a local Environment and Climate Change Canada weather station. We modeled laying date, clutch size, daily nest survival, and brood size as a function of predictors at regional-, site-, and nest-scales.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Measures of fecundity varied dramatically across years and spatial scales. At the regional (study-wide) scale, chickadees laid earlier and larger first clutches in warmer springs with minimal storms, and daily nest survival (DSR) increased with a 2-year lag in growing season temperature. Despite a doubling of mountain chickadee density that roughly accompanied the outbreaks of mountain pine beetle and lepidopteran defoliators, we found little evidence at the site scale that fecundity was influenced by insect availability, conspecific density, or predator density. At the nest scale, DSR and brood size increased with clutch size but DSR declined with nest cavity size indicating a positive reproductive effect of small-bodied cavity excavators. Double-brooding, rare in chickadees, occurred frequently in 2005 and 2007, coinciding with early breeding, high food availability from insect outbreaks, and warm spring temperatures with 0-1 spring storms. Our results support the idea that fecundity in secondary cavity-nesting species is impacted directly and indirectly by weather, and indirectly through changes in community dynamics (\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      cavity resource supply). We stress the importance of adopting holistic, community-level study frameworks to refine our understanding of fecundity in opportunistic and climate-sensitive species in future.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T03:34:18Z","timestamp":1668137658000},"page":"e14327","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Weather and nest cavity characteristics influence fecundity in mountain chickadees"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Norris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology Branch, Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina L.","family":"Cockle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Subtropical, Puerto Iguaz\u00fa, Misiones, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14327\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/119.2.391","article-title":"Nest-site reuse patterns for a cavity-nesting bird community in interior British Columbia","volume":"119","author":"Aitken","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Auk"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14327\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12559.x","article-title":"Long-distance migration: evolution and determinants","volume":"103","author":"Alerstam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14327\/ref-3","article-title":"Dendroecological reconstruction of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Chilcotin Plateau of British 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