{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T03:10:46Z","timestamp":1790737846827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI Natural Environment Research Council via PhD DTP"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The leporid lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) are adapted to running and leaping (some more than others) and consequently have unique anatomical features that distinguish them from ochotonid lagomorphs (pikas) and from their rodent relatives. Two traits that have received some attention are fenestration of the lateral wall of the maxilla and facial tilting. These features are known to correlate with specialised locomotory form in that the faster running species will generally have fenestration that occupies the dorsal and the anteroventral surface of the maxillary corpus and a more acute facial tilt angle. Another feature is an intracranial joint that circumscribes the back of the skull, thought to facilitate skull mobility. This joint separates the anterior portion of the cranium (including the dentition, rostrum and orbit) from the posterior portion of the cranium (which encompasses the occipital and the auditory complex). Aside from the observation that the intracranial joint is absent in pikas (generalist locomotors) and appears more elaborate in genera with cursorial and saltatorial locomotory habits, the evolutionary history, biomechanical function and comparative anatomy of this feature in leporids lacks a comprehensive evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present work analysed the intracranial joint, facial tilting and lateral fenestration of the wall of the maxilla in the context of leporid evolutionary history using a Bayesian inference of phylogeny (18 genera, 23 species) and ancestral state reconstruction. These methods were used to gather information about the likelihood of the presence of these three traits in ancestral groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our phylogenetic analyses found it likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had some facial tilting, but that the last common ancestor of all lagomorphs included in the dataset did not. We found that it was likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had fenestration that occupies the dorsal, but not the anteroventral, surface of the maxillary corpus. We also found it likely that the last common ancestor of living leporids had an intracranial joint, but that the last common ancestor of all living lagomorphs did not. These findings provide a broader context to further studies of evolutionary history and will help inform the formulation and testing of functional hypotheses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1669693217000},"page":"e14414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The evolution of unique cranial traits in leporid lagomorphs"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amber P.","family":"Wood-Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9782-2358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Philip G.","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, University of London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5117-5335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alana C.","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107808","article-title":"Stem lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires","volume":"307","author":"Asher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12562","article-title":"Cranial joint histology in the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos); new insights on avian cranial kinesis","volume":"230","author":"Bailleul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-021-01798-6","article-title":"Molecular and morphological clocks for estimating evolutionary divergence times","volume":"21","author":"Barba-Montoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20162412","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2412","article-title":"Computational biomechanics changes our view on insect head evolution","volume":"284","author":"Blanke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-5","first-page":"181","article-title":"Unique anatomy of lagomorph calcaneous","volume":"47","author":"Bleefeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051140102","article-title":"Kinetics of the avian skull","volume":"114","author":"Bock","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.303","article-title":"Cranial specialization and locomotor habit in the Lagomorpha","volume":"29","author":"Bramble","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2307\/1374205","article-title":"Skeletal and muscular differences in the hind limbs of lepus, sylvilagus, and ochotona","volume":"18","author":"Camp","year":"1937","journal-title":"Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.18563\/pv.2.4.157-190","article-title":"Osteology of Prolagus sardus, a Quaternary ochotonid (Mammalia, Lagomorpha)","volume":"2","author":"Dawson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Palaeovertebrata"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14414\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.68B4.3733828","article-title":"Limb lengthening by distration of the epiphyseal plate. 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