{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:12:46Z","timestamp":1793293966875,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Grant Number","award":["RF-2018-12365682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2018-12365682"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) stimulating the auricular branch of the vagus nerve along a well-defined neuroanatomical pathway, has promising therapeutic efficacy. Potentially, taVNS can modulate autonomic responses. Specifically, taVNS can induce more consistent parasympathetic activation and may lead to increased heart rate variability (HRV). However, the effects of taVNS on HRV remain inconclusive. Here, we investigated changes in HRV due to brief alteration periods of parasympathetic-vagal cardiac activity produced by taVNS on the cymba as opposed to control administration <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the helix.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We compared the effect of 10 min of active stimulation (<jats:italic>i.e<\/jats:italic>., cymba conchae) to sham stimulation (<jats:italic>i.e<\/jats:italic>., helix) on peripheral cardiovascular response, in 28 healthy young adults. HRV was estimated in the time domain and frequency domain during the overall stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Although active-taVNS and sham-taVNS stimulation did not differ in subjective intensity ratings, the active stimulation of the cymba led to vagally mediated HRV increases in both the time and frequency domains. Differences were significant between active-taVNS and both sham-taVNS and resting conditions in the absence of stimulation for various HRV parameters, but not for the low-frequency index of HRV, where no differences were found between active-taVNS and sham-taVNS conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This work supports the hypothesis that taVNS reliably induces a rapid increase in HRV parameters when auricular stimulation is used to recruit fibers in the cymba compared to stimulation at another site. The results suggest that HRV can be used as a physiological indicator of autonomic tone in taVNS for research and potential therapeutic applications, in line with the established effects of invasive VNS. Knowledge of the physiological effect of taVNS short sessions in modulating cardiovagal processing is essential for enhancing its clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T08:48:01Z","timestamp":1669020481000},"page":"e14447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Ear your heart: transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy young participants"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-041X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Forte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Favieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Leemhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6850-6639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Luisa","family":"De Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"De Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Psicologia Clinica, Dinamica e Salute, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9196-7078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariella","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2014.08.005","article-title":"A controlled trial of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy","volume":"39","author":"Aihua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsy & Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.006","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation acutely improves spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in healthy young men: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Antonino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.06.003","article-title":"Tragus or cymba conchae? Investigating the anatomical foundation of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"2018a","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"11","author":"Badran","year":"2018b","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.focus.20110","article-title":"Neurophysiologic effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) via electrical stimulation of the tragus: a concurrent taVNS\/fMRI study and review","volume":"20","author":"Badran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2005.12.008","article-title":"Enhancement of extinction memory consolidation: the role of the noradrenergic and GABAergic systems within the basolateral amygdala","volume":"86","author":"Berlau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats","volume":"34","author":"Berntson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00215-0","article-title":"Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system","volume":"85","author":"Berthoud","year":"2000","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026","article-title":"The LF\/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance","volume":"4","author":"Billman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0223848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223848","article-title":"Influence of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac vagal activity: not different from sham stimulation and no effect of stimulation intensity","volume":"14","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2021.01.003","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation via tragus or cymba conchae: are its psychophysiological effects dependent on the stimulation area?","volume":"161","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4836","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102074","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in individuals aged 55 years or above: potential benefits of daily stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Bretherton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13571","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13571","article-title":"Moving beyond belief: a narrative review of potential biomarkers for transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"57","author":"Burger","year":"2020a","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107863","article-title":"From ear to eye? No effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on human pupil dilation: a report of three studies","volume":"152","author":"Burger","year":"2020b","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation reduces spontaneous but not induced negative thought intrusions in high worriers","volume":"142","author":"Burger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122","article-title":"The anatomical basis for transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"236","author":"Butt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0391-6","article-title":"Noradrenergic modulation of working memory and emotional memory in humans","volume":"188","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031","article-title":"Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in healthy humans reduces sympathetic nerve activity","volume":"7","author":"Clancy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.026","article-title":"Genetic marker of norepinephrine synthesis predicts individual differences in post-error slowing: a pilot study","volume":"51","author":"Colzato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-018-0600-x","article-title":"Variable heart rate and a flexible mind: higher resting-state heart rate variability predicts better task-switching","volume":"18","author":"Colzato","year":"2018a","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.003","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances divergent thinking","volume":"111","author":"Colzato","year":"2018b","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.11.003","article-title":"Effects of short and prolonged transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on heart rate variability in healthy subjects","volume":"203","author":"De Couck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081084","article-title":"Rebuilding body-brain interaction from the vagal network in spinal cord injuries","volume":"11","author":"De Martino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1113\/EP086433","article-title":"Mechanisms underpinning sympathetic nervous activity and its modulation using transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"103","author":"Deuchars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000576","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"36","author":"Ellrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0087-6","article-title":"Far field potentials from the brain stem after transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"110","author":"Fallgatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation modulates default mode network in major depressive disorder","volume":"79","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568051","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051","article-title":"International consensus based review and recommendations for minimum reporting standards in research on transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (version 2020)","volume":"14","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00710","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cognitive function: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Forte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11040480","article-title":"Anxiety and attentional processes: the role of resting heart rate variability","volume":"11","author":"Forte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.3901","article-title":"Decision making and heart rate variability: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Forte","year":"2022a","journal-title":"Applied Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020153","article-title":"Heart rate variability and pain: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Forte","year":"2022b","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599896","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.599896","article-title":"Sympathetic effect of auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on healthy subjects: a crossover controlled clinical trial comparing vagally mediated and active control stimulation using microneurography","volume":"11","author":"Gauthey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0263833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263833","article-title":"The effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on HRV in healthy young people","volume":"17","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.056259","article-title":"Low-frequency power of heart rate variability is not a measure of cardiac sympathetic tone but may be a measure of modulation of cardiac autonomic outflows by baroreflexes","volume":"96","author":"Goldstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Experimental Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854","article-title":"Current directions in the auricular vagus nerve stimulation I-A physiological perspective","volume":"13","author":"Kaniusas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4","article-title":"No modulation of pupil size and event-related pupil response by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"9","author":"Keute","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001","article-title":"Neuro-cardiac coupling predicts transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effects","volume":"14","author":"Keute","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003490","article-title":"Effects of acute transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on emotion recognition in adolescent depression","volume":"51","author":"Koenig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102908","article-title":"Vagus nerve afferent stimulation: projection into the brain, reflexive physiological, perceptual, and behavioral responses, and clinical relevance","volume":"237","author":"Komisaruk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00070","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: retrospective assessment of cardiac safety in a pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"e102971","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213","article-title":"Heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone in psychophysiological research-recommendations for experiment planning, data analysis, and data reporting","volume":"8","author":"Laborde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00124","article-title":"Non-invasive vagal nerve stimulation effects on hyperarousal and autonomic state in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and history of mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary evidence","volume":"4","author":"Lamb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102894","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation and heart rate variability: analysis of parameters and targets","volume":"236","author":"Machetanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.05.002","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic effects of transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation via the tragus in the rat involve spinal cervical sensory afferent pathways","volume":"12","author":"Mahadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868","article-title":"Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task force of the european society of cardiology and the north american society of pacing and electrophysiology","volume":"17","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12565","DOI":"10.1111\/anec.12565","article-title":"Ultra-short heart rate variability recording reliability: the effect of controlled paced breathing","volume":"23","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138921","article-title":"Validity of (Ultra-)short recordings for heart rate variability measurements","volume":"10","author":"Munoz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2016.06.004","article-title":"The strange case of the ear and the heart: the auricular vagus nerve and its influence on cardiac control","volume":"199","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01385.x","article-title":"Evoked pain analgesia in chronic pelvic pain patients using respiratory-gated auricular vagal afferent nerve stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Napadow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.001","article-title":"Evaluating reliability of ultra-short ECG indices of heart rate variability in diabetes mellitus patients","volume":"26","author":"Nussinovitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes and its Complications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1098-2353","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Anatomy"},{"issue":"229","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00805","article-title":"Considerations in the assessment of heart rate variability in biobehavioral research","volume":"5","author":"Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00304-2","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for treatment-resistant depressions: a multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Rush","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23391","article-title":"Myelinated axons in the auricular branch of the human vagus nerve","volume":"299","author":"Safi","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(83)90129-7","article-title":"Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve","volume":"9","author":"Sawchenko","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.003","article-title":"The influence of respiration on brainstem and cardiovagal response to auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a multimodal ultrahigh-field (7T) fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"Sclocco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01040","article-title":"A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart\u2019s anatomy and heart rate variability","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1361-20.2020","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in humans induces pupil dilation and attenuates alpha oscillations","volume":"41","author":"Sharon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1237374","article-title":"Cardiac effects of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with major depression","volume":"43","author":"Sperling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2019.11.008","article-title":"TREAT AF (transcutaneous electrical vagus nerve stimulation to suppress atrial fibrillation): a randomized clinical trial","volume":"6","author":"Stavrakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247221","article-title":"Tinnitus treatment by vagus nerve stimulation: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Stegeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2013.07.024","article-title":"Kubios HRV-heart rate variability analysis software","volume":"113","author":"Tarvainen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(97)00054-8","article-title":"The behavior of real exchange rates during the post-Bretton Woods period","volume":"46","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of International Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.018","article-title":"Non-invasive stimulation of vagal afferents reduces gastric frequency","volume":"13","author":"Teckentrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.012","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation enhances learning of novel letter-sound relationships in adults","volume":"13","author":"Thakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-68","first-page":"2424","article-title":"Accuracy of ultra-short heart rate variability measures","volume":"2423","author":"Thong","year":"2003"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-018-9853-6","article-title":"Autonomic neuromodulation acutely ameliorates left ventricular strain in humans","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research"},{"issue":"233","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00102","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (tVNS): a new neuromodulation tool in healthy humans?","volume":"6","author":"Van Leusden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00202","article-title":"Effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and alpha-amylase level: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00360","article-title":"Resolving ambiguities in the LF\/HF ratio: LF-HF scatter plots for the categorization of mental and physical stress from HRV","volume":"8","author":"von Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"1887","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0232","article-title":"Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability","volume":"367","author":"Voss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20466","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77430-2","article-title":"No modulation of postprandial metabolism by transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation: a crossover study in 15 healthy men","volume":"10","author":"Vosseler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/5\/3\/002","article-title":"A comparative study of three techniques for diameter selective fiber activation in the vagal nerve: anodal block, depolarizing prepulses and slowly rising pulses","volume":"5","author":"Vuckovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224","article-title":"The neuromodulatory and hormonal effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as evidenced by salivary alpha amylase, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, and the P3 event-related potential","volume":"12","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120786","article-title":"Assessment of brainstem function with auricular branch of vagus nerve stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Weise","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13933","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933","article-title":"Does transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation affect vagally mediated heart rate variability? A living and interactive Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13845","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013845","article-title":"Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation in treating major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14447\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation using functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14447.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14447.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14447.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14447.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T08:48:07Z","timestamp":1669020487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.14447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.14447","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"article-number":"e14447"}}