{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:19:16Z","timestamp":1792423156729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Intra-continentally, vaginal microbiome signatures are reported to be significantly different between Black and Caucasian women, with women of African ancestry having the less well defined heterogenous bacterial community state type (CST) deficient of\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n species (CST IV). The objective of this study was to characterize the vaginal microbiomes across a more diverse intercontinental group of women (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 151) of different ethnicities (African American, African Kenyan, Afro-Caribbean, Asian Indonesian and Caucasian German) using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to determine their structures and offer a comprehensive description of the non-\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n dominant CSTs and subtypes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In this study, the bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiomes differed significantly among the ethnic groups.\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n iners<\/jats:italic>\n ) dominated the vaginal microbiomes in African American women (91.8%) compared to European (German, 42.4%), Asian (Indonesian, 45.0%), African (Kenyan, 34.4%) and Afro-Caribbean (26.1%) women. Expanding on CST classification, three subtypes of CST IV (CST IV-A, IV-B and IV-C) (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 56, 37.1%) and four additional CSTs were described: CST VI\n Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014dominant (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 6, 21.8%); CST VII (\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014dominant,\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 1, 0.66%); CST VIII (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 9, 5.96%), resembling aerobic vaginitis, was differentiated by a high proportion of taxa such as\n Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n (relative abundance [RA] > 50%) and CST IX (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n = 7, 4.64%) dominated by genera other than\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n or\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n (\n e.g<\/jats:italic>\n .,\n Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Anaerococcus vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n ). Within the vaginal microbiomes, 32 \u201ctaxa with high pathogenic potential\u201d (THPP) were identified. Collectively, THPP (mean RA ~5.24%) negatively correlated (r\n s<\/jats:sub>\n = \u22120.68,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 2.2e\u221216) with\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n species but not significantly with\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. combined (r = \u22120.13,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.1). However, at the individual level,\n Mycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic>\n exhibited moderate positive correlations with\n Gardnerella<\/jats:italic>\n (r = 0.46,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 2.6e\u221209) and\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. (r = 0.47,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 1.4e\u221209).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings while supporting the idea that vaginal microbiomes vary with ethnicity, also suggest that CSTs are more wide-ranging and not exclusive to any particular ethnic group. This study offers additional insight into the structure of the vaginal microbiome and contributes to the description and subcategorization of non-\n Lactobacillus-<\/jats:italic>\n dominated CSTs.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T03:35:18Z","timestamp":1669692918000},"page":"e14449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Insights into the vaginal microbiome in a diverse group of women of African, Asian and European ancestries"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Orville St. E.","family":"Roachford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3517-9576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Angela T.","family":"Alleyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America"},{"name":"J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236036","article-title":"Changes in the vaginal microbiota following antibiotic treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"15","author":"Ahrens","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/TJOG.TJOG_67_18","article-title":"Vaginal bacteriome of Nigerian women in health and disease: a study with 16S rRNA metagenomics","volume":"36","author":"Anukam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tropical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/MRM.0000000000000186","article-title":"Comparative study of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in vaginal tract of individual with bacterial vaginosis and healthy control by quantitative PCR","volume":"30","author":"Bakhshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reviews in Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.02.020","article-title":"Bacterial species colonizing the vagina of healthy women are not associated with race","volume":"45","author":"Beamer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181135","article-title":"The association between ethnicity and vaginal microbiota composition in Amsterdam, the Netherlands","volume":"12","author":"Borgdorff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0495-4","article-title":"Pathobiont release from dysbiotic gut microbiota biofilms in intestinal inflammatory diseases: a role for iron?","volume":"26","author":"Buret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Biomedical Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"supplement_1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","volume":"108","author":"Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0337-0","article-title":"Unveiling the role of Gardnerella vaginalis in polymicrobial Bacterial Vaginosis biofilms: the impact of other vaginal pathogens living as neighbors","volume":"13","author":"Castro","year":"2019","journal-title":"The ISME Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020247","article-title":"Atopobium vaginae and prevotella bivia are able to incorporate and influence gene expression in a pre-formed gardnerella vaginalis biofilm","volume":"10","author":"Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01464-4","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"19","author":"Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbial Cell Factories"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.07.010","article-title":"Pathobionts of the gastrointestinal microbiota and inflammatory disease","volume":"23","author":"Chow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Immunology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02451","article-title":"The vaginal community state types microbiome-immune network as key factor for bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis","volume":"10","author":"De Seta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2011.03020.x","article-title":"Aerobic vaginitis in pregnancy","volume":"118","author":"Donders","year":"2011","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02150-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02150-17","article-title":"A Lactobacillus -deficient vaginal microbiota dominates","volume":"84","author":"Doyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2011.04.004","article-title":"Strong correspondence in bacterial loads between the vagina and rectum of pregnant women","volume":"162","author":"El Aila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00162-8","article-title":"Shotgun sequencing of the vaginal microbiome reveals both a species and functional potential signature of preterm birth","volume":"6","author":"Feehily","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.081034-0","article-title":"Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry","volume":"160","author":"Fettweis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiology (United Kingdom)"},{"issue":"132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132ra52","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003605","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the human vaginal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Gajer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01162","article-title":"Geography, ethnicity or subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome composition and diversity","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00117","article-title":"Comparative metagenome-assembled genome analysis of candidatus lachnocurva vaginae, formerly known as Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Bacterium\u22121 (BVAB1)","volume":"10","author":"Holm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12198-6","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the vaginal microbiota and vaginal immune mediators in women from sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"7","author":"Jespers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.04.011","article-title":"Label or concept \u2013 what is a pathobiont?","volume":"28","author":"Jochum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9","article-title":"Best practices for analysing microbiomes","volume":"16","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-26","first-page":"74","article-title":"The vaginal Bifidobacterium flora in women of reproductive age","author":"Korshunov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii i Immunobiologii"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8060875","article-title":"Recovery of vaginal microbiota after standard treatment for bacterial vaginosis infection: an observational study","volume":"8","author":"Lehtoranta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv338","article-title":"Influence of biofilm formation by gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobes on bacterial vaginosis","volume":"212","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12004","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140612004","article-title":"Interactions between Lactobacillus crispatus and bacterial vaginosis (BV)-associated bacterial species in initial attachment and biofilm formation","volume":"14","author":"Machado","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22660-8","article-title":"Microbial metagenome of urinary tract infection","volume":"8","author":"Moustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative abundance and functional biomarkers of the vaginal and gut microbiome of Nigerian women with bacterial vaginosis: a study with 16S rRNA metagenomics","volume":"29","author":"Okoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Laboratory Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170.e1\u2013170.e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.02.027","article-title":"Effect of biofilm phenotype on resistance of Gardnerella vaginalis to hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid","volume":"197","author":"Patterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.034280-0","article-title":"Analysis of adherence, biofilm formation and cytotoxicity suggests a greater virulence potential of Gardnerella vaginalis relative to other bacterial-vaginosis-associated anaerobes","volume":"156","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-43","article-title":"Identification and characterisation of vaginal lactobacilli from South African women","volume":"13","author":"Pendharkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-35","article-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"issue":"supplement_1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010014","article-title":"What is the healthy gut microbiota composition? A changing ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Rinninella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2021.100079","article-title":"The cervicovaginal microbiome and its resistome in a random selection of Afro-Caribbean women","volume":"20","author":"Roachford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Microbiome Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2017.09.006","article-title":"Comparative genomics of four Mycoplasma species of the human urogenital tract: analysis of their core genomes and virulence genes","volume":"307","author":"Roachford","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2019.1607556","article-title":"Virulence and molecular adaptation of human urogenital mycoplasmas: a review","volume":"33","author":"Roachford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-10","article-title":"Correction to: the composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women","volume":"2","author":"Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-43","first-page":"6","article-title":"Bacterial infections and the pathogenesis of autoimmune conditions","volume":"2","author":"Sherbet","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Medical Practitioners"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.11.010","article-title":"Prevotella as a hub for vaginal microbiota under the influence of host genetics and their association with obesity","volume":"21","author":"Si","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of prevalence, adhesion and surface charges of bifidobacterium spp. Isolated from Thai women with bacterial vaginosis and healthy women","volume":"100","author":"Utto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00129","article-title":"Pathobionts in the vaginal microbiota: individual participant data meta-analysis of three sequencing studies","volume":"10","author":"van de Wijgert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S77956","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacillus: biofilm formation in vivo\u2013clinical implications","volume":"7","author":"Ventolini","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00618.x","article-title":"The vaginal bacterial communities of Japanese women resemble those of women in other racial groups","volume":"58","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14449\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota and higher vaginal kynurenine\/tryptophan ratio reveals an association with Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections","volume":"8","author":"Ziklo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14449.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14449.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14449.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14449.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T03:35:27Z","timestamp":1669692927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.14449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.14449","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"article-number":"e14449"}}