{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T16:16:41Z","timestamp":1784650601168,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with major depression and premenstrual mood symptoms, and menstrual irregularity has been correlated with mental anxiety. However, the potential effect of increased vitamin D intake on reducing the risk of menstrual irregularities by decreasing psychological anxiety is yet to be fully elucidated. The existence of such a relationship in athletes with high levels of psychological anxiety and adequate dietary intake remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of vitamin D intake on psychological anxiety levels and the risk of menstrual irregularities in healthy college-and international-level female athletes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Female intercollege-level track and field and international-level rowing athletes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 107) aged 15\u201324 years were included in this study. Their nutritional intake, body mass, body fat, mental anxiety, and menstrual irregularities were investigated. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to examine the effects of several parameters on menstrual irregularities. The independent variables introduced into the GLMM were determined based on Akaike\u2019s information criterion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GLMM identified a significant interaction effect of vitamin D intake and state anxiety on menstrual irregularities, with a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value of 0.049 and an odds ratio of 0.423. The study results suggest that increased vitamin D intake in relatively young endurance athletes may reduce mental anxiety, consequently decreasing menstrual irregularities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:47:20Z","timestamp":1669002440000},"page":"e14456","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Increased vitamin D intake may reduce psychological anxiety and the incidence of menstrual irregularities in female athletes"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mana","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Rowing Association, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Hanatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Rowing Association, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8252-6174","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Rowing Association, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14456\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.21.2329","article-title":"Low bone mass in premenopausal women with 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