{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:49:38Z","timestamp":1790855378470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Researchers Supporting Project","award":["RSP2022R448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2022R448"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Coronavirus disease has affected the entire population worldwide in terms of physical and environmental consequences. Therefore, the current study demonstrates the changes in the concentration of gaseous pollutants and their health effects during the COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi, the national capital city of India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the present study, secondary data on gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), ammonia (NH\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were collected from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) on a daily basis. Data were collected from January 1, 2020, to September 30, 2020, to determine the relative changes (%) in gaseous pollutants for pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlockdown stages of COVID-19.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The current findings for gaseous pollutants reveal that concentration declined in the range of 51%\u201383% (NO), 40%\u201369% (NOx), 31%\u201360% (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and 25%\u201340% (NH\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) during the lockdown compared to pre-lockdown period, respectively. The drastic decrease in gaseous pollutants was observed due to restricted measures during lockdown periods. The level of ozone was observed to be higher during the lockdown periods as compared to the pre-lockdown period. These gaseous pollutants are linked between the health risk assessment and hazard identification for non-carcinogenic. However, in infants (0\u20131 yr), Health Quotient (HQ) for daily and annual groups was found to be higher than the rest of the exposed group (toddlers, children, and adults) in all the periods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The air quality values for pre-lockdown were calculated to be \u201cpoor category to \u201cvery poor\u201d category in all zones of Delhi, whereas, during the lockdown period, the air quality levels for all zones were calculated as \u201csatisfactory,\u201d except for Northeast Delhi, which displayed the \u201cmoderate\u201d category. The computed HQ for daily chronic exposure for each pollutant across the child and adult groups was more than 1 (HQ &gt; 1), which indicated a high probability to induce adverse health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T03:47:30Z","timestamp":1673236050000},"page":"e14489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Substantial changes in Gaseous pollutants and health effects during COVID-19 in Delhi, India"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bhupendra","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence), University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Deshbandhu College, Department of Environmental Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 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