{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T02:26:12Z","timestamp":1784168772287,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Fund of Erciyes University","award":["TSG-2021-10912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSG-2021-10912"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Several studies have shown a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in children. Since childhood lipid concentrations continue into adulthood, recognition of lipid abnormalities in the early period is crucial to prevent the development of future coronary heart disease (CHD). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is one of the most used parameters in the initiation and follow-up of treatment in patients with dyslipidemia. It is a well known fact that LDL-C lowering therapy reduces the risk of future CHD. Therefore, accurate determination of the LDL-C levels is so important for the management of lipid abnormalities. This study aimed to validate different LDL-C estimating equations in the Turkish population, composed of children and adolescents. A total of 3,908 children below 18 years old at Sivas Cumhuriyet University Hospital (Sivas, Turkey) were included in this study. LDL-C was directly measured by direct homogeneous assays,\n                    <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Roche, Beckman, Siemens and estimated by Friedewald\u2019s, Martin\/Hopkins\u2019, extended Martin-Hopkins\u2019 and Sampson\u2019s formulas. The concordances between the estimations obtained by the formulas and the direct measurements were evaluated both overall and separately for the LDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) sublevels. Linear regression analysis was performed and residual error plots were generated between each estimation and direct measurement method. Coefficient of determination (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and mean absolute deviations were also evaluated. The overall concordance of Friedewald, Sampson, Martin-Hopkins and the extended Martin-Hopkins formula were 64.6%, 69.9%, 69.4%, and 84.3% for the Roche direct assay, 69.8%, 71.6%, 73.6% and 80.4% for the Siemens direct assay, 66.5%, 68.8%, 68.9% and 82.1% for the Beckman direct assay, respectively. The extended Martin-Hopkins formula had the highest concordance coefficient in both overall and all sublevels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG. When estimating the LDL-C categories, the highest underestimation degrees were obtained with the Friedewald formula. Our analysis, conducted in a large pediatric population, showed that the extended Martin-Hopkins equation gives more reliable results in estimation of LDL-C compared to other equations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T03:57:15Z","timestamp":1672891035000},"page":"e14544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Validation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol equations in pediatric population"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"G\u00f6zde","family":"Ert\u00fcrk Zarars\u0131z","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"},{"name":"Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serkan","family":"Bolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahu","family":"Cephe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rectorate, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necla","family":"Kochan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serra Ilayda","family":"Yerlita\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"},{"name":"Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halef Okan","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6kmen","family":"Zarars\u0131z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"},{"name":"Drug Application and Research Center (ERFARMA), Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14544\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034273","article-title":"Long-term association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in individuals at low 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: results from the Cooper Center Longitudinal 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estimate LDL-C in children: comparison with LDL direct measurement and Friedewald equation in the BLIP study","volume":"31","author":"Cicero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14544\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1349","article-title":"Lipid screening and cardiovascular health in childhood","volume":"122","author":"Daniels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14544\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0179-x","article-title":"Clinical and economic burden associated with cardiovascular events among patients with hyperlipidemia: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovascular 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