{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:47:17Z","timestamp":1772268437545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PSC-CUNY Research Award Program of the City University of New York","award":["62274, 64246, 64263, 668230 and 669224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62274, 64246, 64263, 668230 and 669224"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We report here the first dinosaur skeletal material described from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian) of western South Dakota. The find consists of two theropod pedal phalanges: one recovered from the middle part of the Fairpoint Member in Meade County, South Dakota; and the other from the Iron Lightning Member in Ziebach County, South Dakota. Comparison with pedal phalanges of other theropods suggests strongly that the Fairpoint specimen is a right pedal phalanx, possibly III-2, from a large ornithomimid. The Iron Lightning specimen we cautiously identify as an ornithomimid left pedal phalanx II-2. The Fairpoint bone comes from thinly bedded and cross-bedded marine sandstones containing large hematitic concretions and concretionary horizons. Associated fossils include osteichthyan teeth, fin spines and otoliths, and abundant teeth of common Cretaceous nearshore and pelagic chondrichthyans. Leaf impressions and other plant debris, blocks of fossilized wood, and\n                    <jats:italic>Ophiomorpha<\/jats:italic>\n                    burrows are also common. The Iron Lightning bone comes from a channel deposit composed of fine to coarse sandstone beds, some of which contain bivalves, and a disseminated assemblage of mammal teeth, chondrichthyan teeth, and fragmentary dinosaur teeth and claws. We interpret the depositional environment of the two specimens as marginal marine. The Fairpoint bone derives from a nearshore foreset setting, above wave base subject to tidal flux and storm activity. The Iron Lightning specimen comes from a topset channel infill probably related to deposition on a tidal flat or associated coastal setting. The taphonomic history and ages of the two bones differ. Orthogonal cracks in the cortical bone of the Fairpoint specimen suggest post-mortem desiccation in a dryland coastal setting prior to transport and preservation in the nearby nearshore setting described above. The pristine surface of the Iron Lightning specimen indicates little transport before incorporation into the channel deposit in which it was found. The Fairpoint bone bed most probably lies within the\n                    <jats:italic>Hoploscaphites nicolletii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ammonite Zone of the early late Maastrichtian, and would therefore have an approximate age of 69 Ma. The Iron Lightning bone is from the overlying\n                    <jats:italic>H. nebrascensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ammonite Zone, and is thus about one million years younger.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T04:56:57Z","timestamp":1675745817000},"page":"e14665","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-avian theropod phalanges from the marine Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), western South Dakota, USA"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Chamberlain, Jr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, City University of New York, Graduate School and University Center, New York City, New York, United States"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Knoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paria River District, US Bureau of Land Management, Kanab, Utah, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8096-3605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"J. W. Sertich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama"},{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.2110\/jsr.68.727","article-title":"Hematite and calcite coatings on fossil vertebrates","volume":"68","author":"Bao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Sedimentary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-2","first-page":"174","article-title":"Evidence for a shark-bitten turtle costal from the lowermost Navesink Formation (Campanian-Maastrichtian) Monmouth County, New Jersey","volume":"28","author":"Becker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Northeastern Geology and Environmental Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2009.03.006","article-title":"Osteichthyans from the Fairpoint Member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota, USA","volume":"30","author":"Becker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2004)024[0780:CFTFMO]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Chondrichthyans from the fairpoint member of the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian), Meade County, South Dakota","volume":"24","author":"Becker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5778","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5778","article-title":"Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part I-an examination of cancellous bone architecture in the hindlimb bones of theropods","volume":"6","author":"Bishop","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Geology of the Bridger area of west-central South Dakota","volume":"92","author":"Black","year":"1964","journal-title":"South Dakota Geological Survey, Reports of Investigations"},{"issue":"Sup4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2003.10010947","article-title":"Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull","volume":"22","author":"Brochu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11557","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11557","article-title":"Rare evidence for \u2018gnawing-like\u2019 behavior in a small-bodied theropod dinosaur","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1017\/jpa.2018.42","article-title":"The distinctive theropod assemblage of the Ellisdale site of New Jersey and its implications for North American dinosaur ecology and evolution during the Cretaceous","volume":"92","author":"Brownstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"issue":"631","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1206\/770.1","article-title":"The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted Tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia","volume":"366","author":"Brusatte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"issue":"5998","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193304","article-title":"Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms","volume":"329","author":"Brusatte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5034-5_7","article-title":"Pyrite formation and fossil preservation","volume-title":"Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record","volume":"9","author":"Canfield","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-13","first-page":"11","article-title":"Paleontology of the K\/T boundary, Badlands National Park, South Dakota, in Santucci, V.L., and McClelland, L., eds","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/31461","article-title":"A king-sized theropod coprolite","volume":"393","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0266648","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266648","article-title":"Large-bodied ornithomimosaurs inhabited Appalachia during the Late Cretaceous of North America","volume":"17","author":"Chinzorig","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05272-6","article-title":"First ornithomimid (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation of T\u00f6gr\u00f6giin Shiree, Mongolia","volume":"7","author":"Chinzorig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1034593","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2015.1034593","article-title":"A redescription of Ornithomimus velox Marsh, 1890 (Dinosauria, Theropoda)","volume":"36","author":"Claessens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-18","article-title":"Geologic bedrock map of North Dakota, North Dakota Geological Survey; scale 1: 500,000; United States Geological Survey","author":"Clayton","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-19","first-page":"45","article-title":"USGS zonal table for the Upper Cretaceous Middle Cenomanian\u2013Maastrichtian of the Western Interior of the United States based on ammonites, inoceramids, and radiometric ages","author":"Cobban","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58853","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058853","article-title":"An ornithomimid (Dinosauria) bonebed from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, with implications for the behavior, classification, and stratigraphy of North American ornithomimids","volume":"8","author":"Cullen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1669\/08831351(2002)017<0327:FOUSLD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Footprints of Utah\u2019s last dinosaurs: track beds in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of the Wasatch Plateau, Central Utah","volume":"17","author":"Difley","year":"2002","journal-title":"PALAIOS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-15.x","article-title":"Origin and significance of mud-filled incised valleys (Upper Cretaceous) in southern Alberta, Canada","volume":"43","author":"Eberth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1139\/e2012-035","article-title":"A revised stratigraphy and depositional history for the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous), southern Alberta plains","volume":"49","author":"Eberth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/3515293","article-title":"Paleoecology of an Estuarine, Incised-Valley Fill in the Dinosaur Park Formation (Judith River Group, Upper Cretaceous) of Southern Alberta, Canada","volume":"12","author":"Eberth","year":"1997","journal-title":"PALAIOS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-25","first-page":"127","article-title":"Revision of the Gastropoda of the Fox Hills Formation, Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) of North Dakota","volume":"66","author":"Erickson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bulletins of American Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-26","first-page":"79","article-title":"Bivalve mollusk range extensions in the Fox Hills Formation (Maestrichtian) of North and South Dakota and their implications for the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the Williston Basin","volume":"32","author":"Erickson","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-27","first-page":"124","article-title":"The Dakota Isthmus\u2013closing the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway","volume":"53","author":"Erickson","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1996.10011297","article-title":"Bite marks attributable to Tyrannosaurus rex: prelimiinary description and implications","volume":"16","author":"Erickson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1660\/0022-8443(2003)106[0139:FROPRI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First records of plesiosaur remains in the lower Smoky Hill Chalk Member (Upper Coniacian) of the Niobrara Formation in western Kansas","volume":"106","author":"Everhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-30","first-page":"41","article-title":"Plesiosaurs as the food of mosasaurs; new data on the stomach contents of a Tylosaurus proriger (Squamata; Mosasauridae) from the Niobrara Formation of western Kansas","volume":"7","author":"Everhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Mosasaur"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1660\/0022-8443(2006)109[27:SDHCVF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Shark-bitten dinosaur (Hadrosauridae) caudal vertebrae from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Coniacian) of western Kansas","volume":"109","author":"Everhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1139\/E09-020","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Wapiti Formation, west-central Alberta, Canada","volume":"46","author":"Fanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(91)90062-V","article-title":"Prey bone utilization by predatory dinosaurs","volume":"88","author":"Fiorillo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-34","first-page":"127","article-title":"A ceratopsid pelvis with toothmarks from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation, New Mexico: evidence of Late Campanian tyrannosaurid feeding behavior","volume":"35","author":"Fowler","year":"2006","journal-title":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3133\/pp776","article-title":"Stratigraphy and geologic history of the Montana group and equivalent rocks, Montana, Wyoming, and North and South Dakota","volume":"776","author":"Gill","year":"1973","journal-title":"United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3133\/pp393A","article-title":"The Red Bird section of the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale in Wyoming, with a section on a new echinoid from the Cretaceous Pierre Shale of eastern Wyoming","volume":"393-A","author":"Gill","year":"1966","journal-title":"United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-37","first-page":"271","article-title":"Brackish and marine mollusks of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota: evidence for a persisting Cretaceous Seaway","volume-title":"The Hell Creek Formation of the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous","volume":"361","author":"Hartman","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1130\/0-8137-2361-2.35","article-title":"Magnetostratigraphy ans geochronologyof the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary","volume":"361","author":"Hicks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Special Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1130\/2007.2427(18)","article-title":"Amphibian, reptilian, and avian remains from the Fox Hills Formation (Maastrichtian): Shoreline and estuarine deposits of the Pierre Sea in south-central North Dakota","volume-title":"The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas","author":"Hoganson","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-40","first-page":"247","article-title":"Marine Breien Member (Maastrichtian) of the Hell Creek Formation in North Dakota: stratigraphy, vertebrate record, and age","volume-title":"The Hell Creek Formation of the Northern Great Plains: An Integrated Continental Record of the End of the Cretaceous","volume":"361","author":"Hoganson","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.03.028","article-title":"New evidence for a trophic relationship between the dinosaurs Velociraptor and Protoceratops","volume":"291","author":"Hone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1502-3931.2009.00187.x","article-title":"Feeding behaviour and bone utilization by theropod dinosaurs","volume":"43","author":"Hone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lethaia"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e885","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.885","article-title":"Pre- and postmortem tyrannosaurid bite marks on the remains of Daspletosaurus (Tyrannosaurinae: Theropoda) from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada","volume":"3","author":"Hone","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1130\/2008.2437(12)","article-title":"Stratigraphic expression of a regional extensive impactite within the Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation of southwestern South Dakota","volume-title":"The Sedimentary Record of Meteorite Impacts","volume":"437","author":"Jannett","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-45","first-page":"952","article-title":"Comments on Cretaceous Eutheria, Lance Scaphites and Inoceramus? ex. gr. tegulatus","volume":"39","author":"Jeletzky","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-003108-5.50010-5","article-title":"Current developments in bone technology","volume-title":"Advances is Archaeological Method and Theory","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1139\/e05-044","article-title":"Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia","volume":"42","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4095\/101672","article-title":"The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus","volume":"100","author":"Lambe","year":"1917","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada"},{"issue":"427","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1206\/0003-0090.427.1.1","article-title":"Description of two species of Hoploscaphites (Ammonoides: Ancyloceratina) from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Maastrichtian) of the U.S. Western Interior","volume":"2019","author":"Landman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2012.12.011","article-title":"Cephalopods from the Badlands National Park area, South Dakota: reassessment of the position of the Cretaceous\/Paleogene boundary","volume":"42","author":"Landman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scaphitid ammonites of the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota and Wyoming","volume":"215","author":"Landman","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Museum of Natural History Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2006)26[922:FIUAFT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"First isotopic (U-Pb) age for the Late Cretaceous Alamosaurus vertebrate fauna of west Texas, and its significance as a link between two faunal provinces","volume":"26","author":"Lehman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2008.00791.x","article-title":"A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains","volume":"51","author":"Longrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-54","article-title":"Geologic Map of Wyoming; scale 1: 500,000. United States Geological Survey","author":"Love","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-55","first-page":"1","article-title":"No definitive evidence of Paleocene dinosaurs in the San Juan Basin","volume":"12","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paleontologia Electronica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-56","first-page":"57","article-title":"Magnetostratigraphy of interfingering upper Cretaceous\u2013Paleocene marine and continental strata of the Williston Basin, North Dakota and Montana","volume":"361","author":"Lund","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geological Society of America Special Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-57","article-title":"Correlation of the Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy of Wyoming","author":"Lynds","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24199","article-title":"A problematic tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) skeleton and its implications for tyrannosaurid diversity in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta","volume":"303","author":"Mallon","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-59","article-title":"Geologic Map of South Dakota: South Dakota Geological Survey. General Map G-10; scale1:500,000. United States Geological Survey","author":"Martin","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2016.1221415","article-title":"A new ornithomimid theropod from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada","volume":"36","author":"McFeeters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-61","first-page":"10","article-title":"Biostratigraphic data from Upper Cretaceous formations\u2014eastern Wyoming, central Colorado, and northeastern New Mexico","author":"Merewether","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-62","article-title":"Anatomy and ultrastructure of bone\u2013histogenesis, growth and remodeling","author":"Moreira","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(84)90037-1","article-title":"Toward the definition of criteria for the recognition of artificial bone alterations","volume":"22","author":"Morlan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Quaternary Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3133\/pp1673","article-title":"Revised Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphic nomenclature in the Colville Basin, northern Alaska","volume":"1673","author":"Mull","year":"2003","journal-title":"US Geological Survey Professional Paper"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2021.2019754","article-title":"First articulated ornithomimid specimens from the upper Maastrichtian Scollard Formation of Alberta, Canada","volume":"41","author":"Nottrodt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-66","first-page":"103","article-title":"A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia","volume":"27","author":"Osm\u00f3lska","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Palaeontologica Polonica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1666\/05067.1","article-title":"Fossil leaf specimens from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous: North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance","volume":"81","author":"Peppe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1306\/5D25C145-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D","article-title":"New members of Upper Cretaceous Fox Hills Formation in South Dakota representing deltaic deposits","volume":"51","author":"Pettyjohn","year":"1967","journal-title":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1127\/njgpa\/220\/2001\/417","article-title":"Iron oxides in fossil bone","volume":"220","author":"Pfretzschner","year":"2001a","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie\u2013Abhandlungen"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1127\/njgpa\/220\/2001\/1","article-title":"Pyrite in fossil bone","volume":"220","author":"Pfretzschner","year":"2001b","journal-title":"Neues Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Geologie und Pal\u00e4ontologie\u2013Abhandlungen"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2004.07.006","article-title":"Fossilization of Haversian bone in aquatic environments","volume":"3","author":"Pfretzschner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Palevol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2113\/3","article-title":"Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphy of the Denver Basin, Colorado","volume":"37","author":"Raynolds","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rocky Mountain Geology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1130\/SPE193","article-title":"Late Eocene and Oligocene paleosols from Badlands National Park, South Dakota","volume":"193","author":"Retallack","year":"1983","journal-title":"Geological Society of America, Special Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-74","first-page":"184","article-title":"Replacement of iron sulphides by oxides in the dinosaur bone from the Lance Fm. (Wyoming, USA)-preliminary study","volume":"29","author":"Sawlowicz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mineral Polonica, Special Paper"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-75","first-page":"203","article-title":"Late Cretaceous dinosaurs in Eastern USA: a taphonomic and biogeographic model of occurrences","volume-title":"Dinofest International Proceedings","author":"Schwimmer","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2307\/3515295","article-title":"Scavenging by Sharks of the Genus Squalicorax in the Late Cretaceous of North America","volume":"12","author":"Schwimmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"PALAIOS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2015.019","article-title":"A Late Cretaceous shark coprolite with baby freshwater turtle vertebrae inclusions","volume":"30","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PALAIOS"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1671\/A1088","article-title":"A large ornithomimid pes from the Lower Cretaceous of the Mazongshan area, Northern Gansu province, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"23","author":"Shapiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1990.10011811","article-title":"Osteology of Archaeornithomimus asiaticus (Upper Cretaceous, Iren Dabasu Formation, People\u2019s Republic of China)","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/407015","article-title":"The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maestrichtian). South Dakota: Part 2: systematics of the Bivalvia","volume":"33","author":"Speden","year":"1970","journal-title":"Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-81","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary interval in Badlands National Park, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-56","author":"Stoffer","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2015.07.012","article-title":"Ornithomimidae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bissekty Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Turonian) of Uzbekistan","volume":"57","author":"Sues","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cretaceous Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1666\/0022-3360(2001)075<0401:GCFACT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Gut contents from a Cretaceous tyrannosaurid; implications for theropod dinosaur digestive tracts","volume":"75","author":"Varricchio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Paleontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(91)90034-S","article-title":"Breakage patterns of human long bones","volume":"21","author":"Villa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Human Evolution"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-85","article-title":"Geologic Map of Montana, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Geologic Map 62-C, scale 1: 500,000, United States Geological Survey","author":"Vuke"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-86","first-page":"229","article-title":"The Fox Hills Formation in its type area, central South Dakota","author":"Waage","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-87","first-page":"1","article-title":"The type Fox Hills Formation, Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), South Dakota, Part 1. Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironments","volume":"27","author":"Waage","year":"1968","journal-title":"Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02724631003620955","article-title":"New latest Cretaceous mammals from northeastern Colorado with biochronologic and biogeographic implications","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14665\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/pab.2022.15","article-title":"Geographic and temporal morphological stasis in the latest Cretaceous ammonoid Discoscaphites iris from the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains","volume":"2022","author":"Witts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paleobiology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14665.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14665.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14665.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14665.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T04:57:40Z","timestamp":1675745860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.14665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.14665","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.14665v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.14665v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"article-number":"e14665"}}