{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:31:59Z","timestamp":1787740319709,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NGS-67956-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGS-67956-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PGS-D3-545968 - 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGS-D3-545968 - 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018600","name":"Animal Welfare Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012785","name":"Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the ecological importance of top predators, societies are turning to non-lethal methods for coexistence. Coexistence is challenging when livestock graze within wild predator habitats. We report a randomized, controlled experiment to evaluate low-stress livestock handling (L-SLH), a form of range riding, to deter grizzly (brown) bears, gray wolves, cougars, black bears, and coyotes in Southwestern Alberta. The treatment condition was supervision by two newly hired and trained range riders and an experienced L-SLH-practicing range rider. This treatment was compared against a baseline pseudo-control condition of the experienced range rider working alone. Cattle experienced zero injuries or deaths in either condition. We infer that inexperienced range riders trained and supervised by an experienced rider did not raise or lower the risk to cattle. Also, predators did not shift to the cattle herds protected by fewer range riders. We found a correlation suggesting grizzly bears avoided herds visited more frequently by range riders practicing L-SLH. More research is required to compare different forms of range riding. However, pending experimental evaluation of other designs, we recommend use of L-SLH. We discuss the cobenefits of this husbandry method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T04:57:38Z","timestamp":1676005058000},"page":"e14788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Low-stress livestock handling protects cattle in a five-predator habitat"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Naomi X.","family":"Louchouarn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Insitute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Treves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Institute for Environmental Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-1","volume-title":"Grizzly bear response guide, Report","volume":"6","author":"Alberta Environment and Parks","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-2","article-title":"Predator Compensation 2015 to 2019: South Saskatchewan Region","author":"Alberta Environment and Parks","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-3","first-page":"7","article-title":"Non-lethal and lethal tools to manage wolf-livestock conflict in the Northwestern United States","author":"Bangs","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-4","article-title":"Livestock management for coexistence with large carnivores, healthy land and productive ranches","author":"Barnes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Keystone Conservation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Pathways towards coexistence with large carnivores in production systems","volume":"9","author":"Boronyak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture and Human Values"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2019.e00868","article-title":"The effectiveness of livestock protection measures against wolves (Canis lupus) and implications for their co-existence with humans","volume":"21","author":"Bruns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-7","first-page":"87","article-title":"Testing fladry as a nonlethal management tool for wolves and coyotes in Michigan","volume":"4","author":"Davidson-Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human-Wildlife Interactions"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2001.1950","article-title":"Incorrect analysis of crossover trials in animal behaviour research","volume":"63","author":"Diaz-Uriarte","year":"2002","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.2307\/3898239","article-title":"Predation losses of cattle in Alberta","volume":"35","author":"Dorrance","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecology & Management\/Journal of Range Management Archives"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0028-x","article-title":"Limited evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce livestock predation by large carnivores","volume":"7","author":"Eklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","article-title":"Trophic downgrading of planet Earth","volume":"333","author":"Estes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2013.33037","article-title":"Loss of anti-predator behaviors in cattle and the increased predation losses by wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains","volume":"3","author":"Fl\u00f6rcke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Journal of Animal Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14788\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2192\/URSU-D-16-00019.1","article-title":"Is diversionary feeding an effective tool for reducing human\u2013bear conflicts? 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