{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:54:42Z","timestamp":1781794482548,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684108800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases affecting an approximate 25% of the world\u2019s population. Some common etiological factors are genetics, nutritional deficiencies, stress and immune dysfunction. There is currently no specific medication to treat the condition but RAS tends to heal by itself within a week or two. We aimed to explore about the prevalence and related risk factors of recurrent aphthous ulcers among college students aged 18\u201330 years who had been affected within the preceding six months prior to the study duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A questionnaire survey was conducted among 681 students from four colleges in Mangalore, Karnataka, India after obtaining the approval for the same from the respective colleges. Consenting participants returned a survey containing various questions. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 681 participants, 322 (47.2%) were affected with RAS in the past six months which included 131 (40.6%) males and 191 (59.3%) females. Single mouth ulcers were the most common presentation seen among the study participants (74.2%). Factors showing statistically significant association were: family history of RAS (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), known diabetics (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), history of smoking (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), oral trauma (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), history of wearing braces\/dentures (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) as well as those using toothpastes containing sodium lauryl sulphate (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), stress and lack of sleep (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The most common form of medication used were topical agents (43.1%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of RAS and family history of RAS, diabetes, smoking, history of braces\/dentures, oral trauma, sodium lauryl sulphate toothpastes, lack of sleep, stress, menstruation, consumption of particular foods and beverages. Further research is needed in this field to truly understand the prevalence and risk factors of RAS and to help in discovering a treatment modality for this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T04:14:45Z","timestamp":1684124085000},"page":"e14998","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of recurrent aphthous stomatitis among college students at Mangalore, India"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matthew Antony","family":"Manoj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Animesh","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saanchia Andria","family":"Madtha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina Mary","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1646","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and quality of life among patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers","volume":"16","author":"Abdalwahab","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-2","first-page":"665","article-title":"The treatment of chronic recurrent oral aphthous ulcers","volume":"111","author":"Altenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deutsches Arzteblatt International"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-3","first-page":"239","article-title":"Association between recurrent aphthous ulcers and tobacco habits","volume":"93","author":"Ax\u00e9ll","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-4","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Case-control study of inducing factors in Shanghuo","volume":"30","author":"Bao","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp054630","article-title":"Aphthous ulceration","volume":"355","author":"Crispian","year":"2006","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.174.6.421","article-title":"Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain","volume":"174","author":"Crispian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2907812","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2907812","article-title":"Analysis of dietary related factors of recurrent aphthous stomatitis among college students","volume":"2018","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evidence Based Complementary Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-8","first-page":"62","article-title":"Prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and aphthous ulcers among young adults on six continents","volume":"113","author":"Embil","year":"1975","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601004010198","article-title":"Soft drink, software and softening of teeth\u2014a case report of tooth wear in the mixed dentition due to a combination of dental erosion and attrition","volume":"4","author":"Gambon","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Open Dentistry Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.14998\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359409029036","article-title":"Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and recurrent aphthous ulcers. 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