{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T07:02:11Z","timestamp":1772002931427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has increased mental health problems among healthcare workers globally. However, studies from low- and middle-income countries on this matter were minimal. This study assessed the change in depression prevalence during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors among healthcare providers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We conducted surveys among healthcare workers in Addis Ababa at two-time points, September 2020 and October 2021. A total of 577 study participants were randomly selected based on registers obtained from professional associations. Computer-assisted telephone interviewing technique was used for data collection. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to screen for depression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify potential factors associated with depression.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The prevalence of depression among healthcare workers was 2.3% (95% CI [1.1\u20134.8]) in Time 1 and 6.5% (95% CI [4.1\u201310.1]) in Time 2; nearly a three-fold increase in Time 2 compared to Time 1. The most frequently reported symptoms at both times based on the PHQ-9 item were having poor energy, sleep problem, and anhedonia, while reported suicidal ideation was less than 5%. Depression showed a positive and significant association with a positive COVID-19 test result (AOR 7.25 95% CI [1.32\u201339.4]) in Time 1, and with being a female healthcare provider (AOR 3.96 95% CI [1.08\u201314.51]) and lack of COVID-19 related policy or guidelines at the workplace (AOR 3.22 95% CI [1.11\u20139.35]) in Time 2.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The prevalence of depression among healthcare workers tripled during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Panic reaction to positive COVID-19 test result seems to have a negative effect at the beginning while lack of disease-specific prevention guidelines and comprehensive psychological interventions for healthcare providers had an adverse effect on the mental health of health workers.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T07:40:24Z","timestamp":1681112424000},"page":"e15053","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Change in depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare providers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Firehiwot","family":"Workneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nega","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yemane","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15053\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100880","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural ethiopia: randomized household serosurveys reveal level of spread during the first wave of the pandemic","volume":"35","author":"Abdella","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15053\/ref-2","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health in vulnerable populations: a narrative review. 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