{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T20:50:20Z","timestamp":1774731020270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-eight percent of the persons with bilateral vestibular dysfunction have reported at least one fall within the past 5 years. The apparent alternations due to the bilateral vestibular dysfunctions (BVD) are the gait characteristics, such as slower walking speed, prolonged stance phase, and shorter step length. Unexpectedly, due to the prevalence of this BVD being relatively low, attention is not obtained as same as in other vestibular disorders. Moreover, how does walking on different inclines, part of daily activities, alter the gait characteristics under the unreliable bilateral vestibular systems? Previous studies used vibration-based stimulations (VS) as a perturbation to understand the postural control during walking while the bilateral vestibular systems were perturbed. Therefore, this study attempted to extend the knowledge to understand the alternations in spatial-temporal gait characteristics under perturbed bilateral vestibular systems while walking on different inclines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nineteen healthy young adults participated in this study. Eight walking conditions were randomly assigned to each participant: 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% grade of inclines with\/without VS. The preferred walking speed was used for gait analysis. The dependent variables were stance time, double support time, step length, step time, step width, foot clearance, and respective variabilities. All dependent variables were defined by two critical gait events: heel-strike and toe-off.\n                      <jats:italic>Pre-Hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      paired comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were used to prioritize the dependent variables. A two-way repeated measure was used to investigate the effect of VS and the effect of inclines on the selected dependent variables from\n                      <jats:italic>Pre-Hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis.\n                      <jats:italic>Post-Hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparisons were also corrected by the Bonferroni method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The step length, step time, foot clearance, and foot clearance variability were selected by the\n                      <jats:italic>Pre-Hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      analysis because the corrected paired t-test demonstrated a significant VS effect (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) on these gait parameters at least one of four inclines. The significant interaction between the effect of VS and the effect of inclines was found in step length (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), step time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028), and foot clearance variability (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). The results revealed that implementing a VS increased step length and step time when walking on 0%, 3%, and 9% of grade inclines. In particular, the foot clearance variability was found when walking on 9% of grade inclines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observations in the current study suggested that VS increased the step length, step time, foot clearance, and foot clearance variability while walking on inclines. These results suggested that these gait parameters might be promising targets for future clinical investigations in patients with BVD while walking on different inclines. Importantly, the increases in spatial-temporal gait performance under bilateral VS might be an indicator of gait improvement while walking on different inclines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T04:30:25Z","timestamp":1679545825000},"page":"e15111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vibrations on mastoid process alter the gait characteristics during walking on different inclines"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United 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