{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:14:54Z","timestamp":1791947694158,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["1319293"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1319293"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gastrointestinal (GI) morphology plays an important role in nutrition, health, and epidemiology; yet limited data on GI variation have been collected since 1885. Here we demonstrate that students can collect reliable data sets on gut morphology; when they do, they reveal greater morphological variation for some structures in the GI tract than has been documented in the published literature. We discuss trait variability both within and among species, and the implications of that variability for evolution and epidemiology. Our results show that morphological variation in the GI tract is associated with each organ\u2019s role in food processing. For example, the length of many structures was found to vary significantly with feeding strategy. Within species, the variability illustrated by the coefficients of variation suggests that selective constraints may vary with function. Within humans, we detected significant Pearson correlations between the volume of the liver and the length of the appendix (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value = 2.5278, df = 28,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0174, corr = 0.4311) and colon (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value = 2.0991, df = 19,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0494, corr = 0.4339), as well as between the lengths of the small intestine and colon (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value = 2.1699, df = 17,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0445, corr = 0.4657), which are arguably the most vital organs in the gut for nutrient absorption. Notably, intraspecific variation in the small intestine can be associated with life history traits. In humans, females demonstrated consistently and significantly longer small intestines than males (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value\n                    <jats:sub>15<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 2.245,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0403). This finding supports the female canalization hypothesis, specifically, increased female investment in the digestion and absorption of lipids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T04:06:56Z","timestamp":1682309216000},"page":"e15148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hidden diversity: comparative functional morphology of humans and other species"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Erin A.","family":"McKenney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America"},{"name":"North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda R.","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America"},{"name":"SNA International for the Defense POW\/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janiaya","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxanne","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Curricular Affairs, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State 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