{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:35:26Z","timestamp":1789868126488,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amenorrhea is a rare reproductive medical condition defined by the absence of menstruation during puberty or later life. This study aims to establish the frequency and pattern of chromosomal abnormalities (CA) in both primary amenorrhea (PA) and secondary amenorrhea (SA), and further to detect the genetic changes in exon 10 at nucleotide positions 919 and 2039 of the genotypes Thr307Ala, and Asn680Ser, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, settings and patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of seventy amenorrhoeic women according to the Helsinki declaration rules of medical ethics, as divided into 40 (57.14%) with PA and 30 (42.86%) with SA, and 30 healthy women with normal menstruation as the control. The chromosomal karyotyping was performed according to the ISCN, 2020. PCR products were submitted to RFLP and Sanger sequencing for women with normal karyotype and high FSH serum levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The classical Turner Syndrome was the most common CA in PA, followed by isochromosome X [46, Xi(X)(q10)], mosaicism of Turner and isochromosome X [45, X \/46, Xi(X)(q10)], sex reversal (46, XY) and (46, XX,-3,+der3,-19,del 19 p). Abnormal SA cases were characterized by mosaicism Turner syndrome (45,X\/46,XX) and (46,XX,-3,+der3,X,+derX). The homozygous genotypes AA and GG of Ala307Thr (rs6165) in the FSHR gene are most common in PA, while the homozygous genotype AA is more common in SA. GG and AG genotypes of Ser680Asn (rs6166) are more frequent in Iraqi patients with PA and SA compared to the healthy control women. Both PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing indicated a marked matching between genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study emphasizes the need for cytogenetic analysis to determine the genetic basis of PA and SA. Further, genotyping for women with normal karyotype and high FSH serum concentrations via PCR-RFLP should be considered for the precise diagnosis and development of appropriate management of and counselling for these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T03:33:55Z","timestamp":1685072035000},"page":"e15267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cytogenetic screening of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic analysis of FSH receptor Ala307Thr and Ser680Asn genes in amenorrheic patients"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bushra A.","family":"Kanaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Anbar, College of Medicine,  Ramadi, Al-Anbar Province, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushtak 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