{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:29:47Z","timestamp":1772850587484,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the diurnal variation in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) during the waking period over three consecutive days in different degrees of myopia and emmetropia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 60 adult volunteers were grouped into low, moderate, high myopia, and emmetropia subgroups. SFCT, axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured every 2 h from 8 AM to 8 PM for three successive days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean values of daily change amplitude were 3.18 mmHg (IOP), 0.05 mm (AL), 0.17 mm (ACD), and 13.51 \u03bcm (SFCT). The values of AL and ACD increased simultaneously with spherical equivalent refraction (SER), but SFCT was the opposite. IOP had a diurnal variation, and there was no difference among the four groups. AL of the high myopia group, ACD of the emmetropia group, and SFCT of each myopia group had diurnal variation over three consecutive days. AL had a high mean value at noon every day, and SFCT had a low mean value at noon every day.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The choroid thickness of subjects with different degrees of myopia had a significant diurnal variation. The change of diurnal variation between emmetropic and myopic subjects may be one of the causes of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T03:52:00Z","timestamp":1683172320000},"page":"e15317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Variation of choroidal thickness during the waking period over three consecutive days in different degrees of myopia and emmetropia using optical coherence tomography"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xianming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.09.001","article-title":"Effects of a high level of illumination before sleep at night on chorioretinal thickness and ocular biometry","volume":"164","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312866","article-title":"Imaging in myopia: potential biomarkers, current challenges and future developments","volume":"103","author":"Ang","year":"2019","journal-title":"The British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001087","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in primary open-angle glaucoma","volume":"27","author":"Baek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Glaucoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000015","article-title":"Macular choroidal volume variations in highly myopic eyes with myopic traction maculopathy and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"34","author":"Barteselli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina (Philadelphia, Pa)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.07.002","article-title":"Reproducibility of choroidal thickness measurements across three spectral domain optical coherence tomography systems","volume":"119","author":"Branchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25389","article-title":"Ocular biometric diurnal rhythms in emmetropic and myopic adults","volume":"59","author":"Burfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364","article-title":"Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.002","article-title":"Monocular myopic defocus and daily changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes","volume":"103","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991\u2013999.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2013.01.016","article-title":"Myopia-related fundus changes in Singapore adults with high myopia","volume":"155","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2869-8","article-title":"Melatonin in the afternoons of a gradually advancing sleep schedule enhances the circadian rhythm phase advance","volume":"225","author":"Crowley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9555","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8076","article-title":"Choroidal thickness in healthy Chinese subjects","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000965","article-title":"Choroidal thickness and ametropia in children: a longitudinal study","volume":"27","author":"Fontaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in China: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12893","article-title":"Repeatability of wide-field choroidal thickness measurements using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography","volume":"102","author":"Hoseini-Yazdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical & Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002090","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in choroidal and retinal thicknesses in children with myopic shift","volume":"39","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Retillna (Philadelphia, Pa)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12396","article-title":"Myopes have significantly higher serum melatonin concentrations than non-myopes","volume":"37","author":"Kearney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308594","article-title":"Diurnal variations in luminal and stromal areas of choroid in normal eyes","volume":"101","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"The British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2016.01.005","article-title":"Myopic maculopathy and optic disc changes in highly myopic young asian eyes and impact on visual acuity","volume":"164","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f29","article-title":"Diurnal variation in choroidal thickness in relation to sex, axial length, and baseline choroidal thickness in healthy Korean subjects","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina (Philadelphia, Pa)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)01012-6","article-title":"Darkness and near work: myopia and its progression in third-year law students","volume":"109","author":"Loman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8476","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687165","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/687165","article-title":"Diurnal choroidal thickness changes in normal eyes of Turkish people measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"2013","author":"Osmanbasoglu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12385","article-title":"Attenuation of short wavelengths alters sleep and the ipRGC pupil response","volume":"37","author":"Ostrin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-014-3177-y","article-title":"Are there diurnal variations in choroidal thickness?","volume":"112","author":"Pollithy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Der Ophthalmologe: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.10.005","article-title":"Myopic maculopathy: current status and proposal for a new classification and grading system (ATN)","volume":"69","author":"Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180803112304","article-title":"Circadian rhythm and melatonin in the treatment of depression","volume":"24","author":"Satyanarayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Pharmaceutical Design"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10351","article-title":"Reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements with enhanced depth imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"54","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8782","article-title":"Diurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8383","article-title":"Circadian changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness and the relationship with circulatory factors in healthy subjects","volume":"53","author":"Usui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8836","article-title":"Repeatability and reproducibility of subfoveal choroidal thickness in normal eyes of Japanese using different SD-OCT devices","volume":"53","author":"Yamashita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0278","article-title":"Outdoor activity protects against childhood myopia-let the sun shine in","volume":"173","author":"Zadnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15317\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2016.04.14","article-title":"The diurnal variation pattern of choroidal thickness in macular region of young healthy female individuals using spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/15317.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/15317.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/15317.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/15317.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T03:52:05Z","timestamp":1683172325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/15317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.15317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.15317","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.1\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.1\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.1\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.2\/reviews\/3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.2\/reviews\/1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.7287\/peerj.15317v0.2\/reviews\/2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"article-number":"e15317"}}