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The expression level of selected immune-related genes: defensin 1 (Pt<jats:italic>DEF1<\/jats:italic>), lysozyme 1 (Pt<jats:italic>LYS1<\/jats:italic>), lysozyme C (Pt<jats:italic>LYSC<\/jats:italic>), lysozyme M1 (Pt<jats:italic>LYSM1<\/jats:italic>), autophagy-related protein 101 (Pt<jats:italic>ATG101<\/jats:italic>), dynamin (Pt<jats:italic>DYN<\/jats:italic>) and heat shock proteins (HSP70) (Pt<jats:italic>HSPB<\/jats:italic>, Pt<jats:italic>HSPB2A<\/jats:italic>, Pt<jats:italic>HSPB2B<\/jats:italic>), production of lysozyme and HSP70 proteins, and hemocytes viability were measured. The obtained results indicated expression of the lysozyme, autophagy-related protein and HSP70 genes in both ontogenetic stages of <jats:italic>P. tepidariorum<\/jats:italic>. It has been also shown that the simultaneous action of mechanical and biological factors causes higher level of lysozyme and HSP70, cell apoptosis intensity and lower level of hemocytes viability than in the case of exposure to a single immunostimulant. Moreover, mature females showed stronger early immune responses compared to juveniles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T07:35:17Z","timestamp":1689579317000},"page":"e15337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunostimulation of <i>Parasteatoda tepidariorum<\/i> (Araneae: Theridiidae) in juvenile and adult stages. 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