{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T08:48:26Z","timestamp":1772268506603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants","award":["21H04856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H04856"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants","award":["20K13721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K13721"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants","award":["19K10446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K10446"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants","award":["18H03107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H03107"]}]},{"name":"Health Labour Sciences Research Grant","award":["19FA1005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19FA1005"]}]},{"name":"Health Labour Sciences Research Grant","award":["19FA1012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19FA1012"]}]},{"name":"Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention, Innovative Research Program on Suicide Countermeasures","award":["(R3-2-2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(R3-2-2)"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Special Research Program Grant","award":["JPMH20CA2046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMH20CA2046"]}]},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development AMED","award":["2033648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2033648"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is no global consensus on whether pandemic-related factors are related to child abuse. How the pandemic reinforces the risk factors of child abuse might depend largely on individuals\u2019 current and past lifestyles in each country. Some changes of lifestyles continue after the pandemic, and it is important to understand which factors are strongly associated with child abuse. We analyzed the pandemic-related characteristics of offenders and non-offenders of self-reported child physical abuse from Internet survey data in Japan and discussed how the pandemic affected physical child abuse and what caused the difference by gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study on physical child abuse by caregivers based on the Internet survey conducted from September to October 2021. We divided the participants who were living with their child aged less than 14 years into offenders and non-offenders based on the answer to the question about physical child abuse. The population distribution of the sample was compared to that of caregivers under the same conditions in a large Japanese dataset. The association between their characteristics and physical child abuse was analyzed by univariable and multivariable analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The caregivers analyzed in the cohort had similar population distributions to those in the large Japanese dataset. As risk factors of male offenders, \u201cwork from home 4\u20137 days\/week,\u201d \u201cdecreased work,\u201d \u201cnormal relationships with household members (compared to good relationships),\u201d \u201cCOVID-19 infected, both themselves and household members, within a year,\u201d \u201cunwillingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination because the license process of the vaccine is doubtful,\u201d \u201chigh levels of benevolent sexism,\u201d and \u201chistory of child abuse\u201d were observed. As risk factors of female offenders, \u201cbad relationships with household members (compared to good relationships),\u201d \u201cfear of COVID-19,\u201d \u201cCOVID-19 infected, both themselves and household members, within a year,\u201d \u201cfeelings of discrimination related to COVID-19 in the past two months,\u201d and \u201chistory of child verbal abuse\u201d were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among male offenders, a significant relationship was observed regarding work-related changes, which may have been reinforced by the pandemic. Furthermore, the extent of the influence and fear of losing jobs caused by these changes may have varied according to the strength of gender roles and financial support in each country. Among female offenders, a significant relationship was observed regarding fear of infection itself, which is consistent with the findings of other studies. In terms of factors related to dissatisfaction with families, in some countries with prominent stereotyped gender roles, men are thought to experience difficulties adapting to work-related changes induced by crises, while women are thought to experience intense fear of the infection itself.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T03:29:17Z","timestamp":1683516557000},"page":"e15346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factors of self-reported physical child abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: work-related changes in men and fear of COVID-19 in women"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Haruaki","family":"Naito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Kindai University, Sayama, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai 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