{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:49:42Z","timestamp":1790653782747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Recent studies have suggested that high levels of \u03b22-microglobulin are linked to cognitive deterioration; however, it is unclear how this connects to spinal cord injury (SCI). This study sought to determine whether there was any association between cognitive decline and serum \u03b22-microglobulin levels in patients with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 96 patients with SCI and 56 healthy volunteers were enrolled as study participants. At the time of enrollment, specific baseline data including age, gender, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), smoking, and alcohol use were recorded. Each participant was assessed by a qualified physician using the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) scale. Serum \u03b22-microglobulin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reagent for \u03b22-microglobulin.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 152 participants were enrolled, with 56 in the control group and 96 in the SCI group. There were no significant baseline data differences between the two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). The control group had a MoCA score of 27.4 \u00b1 1.1 and the SCI group had a score of 24.3 \u00b1 1.5, with the difference being significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The serum ELISA results revealed that the levels of \u03b22-microglobulin in the SCI group were considerably higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) than those in the control group (2.08 \u00b1 0.17 g\/mL compared to 1.57 \u00b1 0.11 g\/mL). The serum \u03b22-microglobulin level was used to categorize the patients with SCI into four groups. As serum \u03b22-microglobulin levels increased, the MoCA score reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). After adjustment of baseline data, further regression analysis showed that serum \u03b22-microglobulin level remained an independent risk factor for post-SCI cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with SCI had higher serum levels of \u03b22-microglobulin, which may be a biomarker for cognitive decline following SCI.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T07:45:56Z","timestamp":1683791156000},"page":"e15372","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Higher serum \u03b22-microglobulin is a predictive biomarker for cognitive impairment in spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhonghao","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanke","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Bone Biomechanics Engineering Laboratory of Shandong Province, Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center (School of Biomedical Sciences), 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