{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:23:05Z","timestamp":1785802985223,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There are numerous reports of a higher prevalence of metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD), yet its connections to diet and physical activity remain not fully explained. This article aimed to evaluate diet, physical activity and selected biochemical and anthropometric parameters associated with metabolism in patients with schizophrenia and BD and to analyse the relationships between these variables in the subjects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 126 adults participated in the study: 47 patients with schizophrenia, 54 patients with BD and 25 patients in mental illness remission (reference group). Data were collected on the underlying illness and concomitant illnesses, and the severity of symptoms of the current episode was assessed using the following scales: PANSS, MADRS and YMRS. An assessment of the subjects\u2019 diet (KomPAN questionnaire) and their physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) was carried out. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were taken and BMI and WHR were calculated. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, TSH, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL fractions, triglycerides and leptin, ghrelin and resistin were determined. For statistical analysis, the significance level was set at 0.05. For multiple comparisons one way ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis were used with <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> Tukey and Dunn tests, respectively. To determine correlation of variables, Pearson\u2019s linear correlation coefficient or Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient were used.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 50.8% of the subjects had at least one metabolic disorder\u2014most commonly excessive body weight (66.7%) and abdominal obesity (64.3%). Patients did not differ significantly in terms of physical activity, but they did differ in mean time spent sitting\u2014with this being significantly longer for all groups than in the general population. The subjects differed in diet: patients with BD consumed less unhealthy foods than patients with schizophrenia. The highest correlations between physical activity, diet and variables defining metabolic disorders were found in patients with BD. Only in patients with schizophrenia were there significant correlations between the course of the disease and physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results suggest the existence of associations between diet, physical activity, and metabolic disorders in both BD and schizophrenia patients. They also suggest a tendency among those patients to spend long periods of time sitting.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T08:37:27Z","timestamp":1689064647000},"page":"e15617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diet and physical activity and metabolic disorders in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder in the Polish population"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"G\u0142odek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Chair of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Skibinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics in Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Suwalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Chair of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15617\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2019.01.004","article-title":"Resistin: a reappraisal","volume":"178","author":"Acquarone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mechanisms of Ageing and Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15617\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.08.011","article-title":"White matter metabolism differentiates schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a preliminary PET study","volume":"214","author":"Altamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15617\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441","article-title":"Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus","volume":"162","author":"Andreasen","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15617\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-019-02126-8","article-title":"The effects of clinical illness severity and physical activity on health-related quality of life in schizophrenia","volume":"28","author":"Ang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.15617\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.06.058","article-title":"Is it possible for people with severe mental illness to sit less and move more? 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