{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T01:57:04Z","timestamp":1790128624926,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RA3308\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RA3308\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Knowledge of the muscle\u2019s lengths at which maximum active isometric force is attained is important for predicting forces during movement. However, there is limited information about the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      force-length properties of a human muscle that plays crucial roles during locomotion; the tibialis anterior (TA). We therefore aimed to estimate TA\u2019s force-length relation from dorsiflexor torque-angle curves constructed from eight women and eight men.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants performed maximal voluntary fixed-end contractions with their right ankle dorsiflexors from 0\u00b0 to 30\u00b0 plantar flexion. Muscle fascicle lengths were estimated from B-mode ultrasound images, and net ankle joint torques were measured using dynamometry. Fascicle forces were estimated by dividing maximal active torques by literature-derived, angle-specific tendon moment arm lengths while assuming a fixed 50% force contribution of TA to the total dorsiflexor force and accounting for fascicle angles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maximal active torques were higher at 15\u00b0 than 20\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 plantar flexion (2.4\u20136.4 Nm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.012), whereas maximal active TA fascicle forces were higher at 15\u00b0 than 0\u00b0, 20\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 plantar flexion (25\u201361 N,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.042), but not different between 15\u00b0 and 10\u00b0 plantar flexion (15 N,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.277). TA fascicle shortening magnitudes during fixed-end contractions were larger at 15\u00b0 than 30\u00b0 plantar flexion (3.9 mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.012), but less at 15\u00b0 than 0\u00b0 plantar flexion (\u22122.4 mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001), with no significant differences (\u22640.7 mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.871) between TA\u2019s superficial and deep muscle compartments. Series elastic element stiffness was lowest and highest at lengths 5% shorter and 5% longer than optimum fascicle length, respectively (\u221230 and 15 N\/mm,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0\u2264\u00a00.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TA produced its maximum active force at 10\u201315\u00b0 plantar flexion, and its normalized force-length relation had ascending and descending limbs that agreed with a simple scaled sarcomere model when active fascicle lengths from within TA\u2019s superficial or deep muscle compartment were considered. These findings can be used to inform the properties of the contractile and series elastic elements of Hill-type muscle models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T04:17:55Z","timestamp":1689221875000},"page":"e15693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The force-length relation of the young adult human tibialis anterior"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Brent J.","family":"Raiteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum,  Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Lauret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum,  Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Movement Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum,  Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland,  Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15693\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002","article-title":"Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research","volume":"35","author":"Beery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.15693\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901512106","article-title":"Simplified and effective motor control based on 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