{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:59:50Z","timestamp":1790895590897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>The complement system is an essential part of innate immunity. It is activated by invading pathogens causing inflammation, opsonization, and lysis <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> complement anaphylatoxins, complement opsonin\u2019s and membrane attack complex (MAC), respectively. However, in SARS-CoV-2 infection overactivation of complement system is causing cytokine storm leading to multiple organs damage. In this study, the Ren\u00e9 Thomas kinetic logic approach was used for the development of biological regulatory network (BRN) to model SARS-CoV-2 mediated complement system signalling pathways. Betweenness centrality analysis in cytoscape was adopted for the selection of the most biologically plausible states in state graph. Among the model results, in strongly connected components (SCCs) pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICyts) oscillatory behaviour between recurrent generation and downregulation was found as the main feature of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diversion of trajectories from the SCCs leading toward hyper-inflammatory response was found in agreement with <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies that overactive innate immunity response caused PICyts storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The complex of negative regulators FI, CR1 and DAF in the inhibition of complement peptide (C5a) and PICyts was found desirable to increase immune responses. In modelling role of MAC and PICyts in lowering of SARS-CoV-2 titre was found coherent with experimental studies. Intervention in upregulation of C5a and PICyts by C3 was found helpful in back-and-forth variation of signalling pattern linked with the levels of PICyts. Moreover, intervention in upregulation of PICyts by C5a was found productive in downregulation of all activating factors in the normal SCCs. However, the computational model predictions require experimental studies to be validated by exploring the activation role of C3 and C5a which could change levels of PICyts at various phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T08:29:28Z","timestamp":1695198568000},"page":"e15794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modelling and analysis of the complement system signalling pathways: roles of C3, C5a and pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Didar","family":"Murad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Engineering and Sciences\/Department of Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rehan","family":"Zafar 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