{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:52:52Z","timestamp":1789087972331,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei","award":["2018CFB289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CFB289"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["WJ2019M074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WJ2019M074"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of JingMen","award":["2020YFZD022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFZD022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003785","name":"Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["A2022425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2022425"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Project of Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Province of China","award":["20221280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221280"]}]},{"name":"The Science Foundation of Health Commission of Hubei Province","award":["W2023Q021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W2023Q021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The vitamin D receptor (VDR) has a low level of expression in the keratinocytes of patients with psoriasis and plays a role in the development of the disease. Furthermore, the crosstalk between macrophages and psoriatic keratinocytes-derived exosomes is critical for psoriasis progression. However, the effects of VDR-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomes (Exos-shVDR) on macrophages and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>VDR-deficient keratinocytes were constructed by infecting HaCaT cells with a VDR-targeting lentivirus, mimicking the VDR-deficient state observed in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exosomes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. The effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, and M1\/M2 polarization was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometer, real-time quantitative polymerasechain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mechanism underlying the effect of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function was elucidated through data mining, bioinformatics, RT-qPCR, and rescue experiments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results revealed that both Exos-shVDR and Exos-shNC exhibited typical exosome characteristics, including a hemispheroid shape with a concave side and particle size ranging from 50 to 100 nm. The levels of expression of VDR were significantly lower in Exos-shVDR than in Exos-shNC. Functional experiments demonstrated that Exos-shVDR significantly promoted macrophage proliferation and polarization towards the M1 phenotype while inhibiting macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, miR-4505 was highly expressed in the skin tissue of patients with psoriasis. Its overexpression significantly increased macrophage proliferation and polarization towards M1 and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, the effects of Exos-shVDR on macrophage function occur through miR-4505.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Exos-shVDR exacerbates macrophage proliferation, promotes polarization towards the M1 phenotype, and inhibits macrophage apoptosis by increasing the levels of miR-4505. These results indicate that modulation of macrophage function is a potential strategy for developing new drugs for the treatment of psoriasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:23:23Z","timestamp":1691141003000},"page":"e15798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vitamin D receptor-deficient keratinocytes-derived exosomal miR-4505 promotes the macrophage polarization towards the M1 phenotype"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Jingmen Central Hospital, Jingmen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 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