{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T18:29:41Z","timestamp":1787077781884,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["19H01750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H01750"]}]},{"name":"\u201cThe Nippon Foundation - Osaka University Project for Infectious Disease Prevention\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Discrimination, which arose during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, is a global public health issue. This study aimed to provide fundamental knowledge in proposing control measures to mitigate discrimination. We focused on two psychological variables: belief in just deserts (BJD, <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, the belief that the infected individual deserves to be infected), a psychological factor that potentially promotes discrimination and prejudice, and human rights restrictions (HRR; <jats:italic>i.e.<\/jats:italic>, the degree of individuals\u2019 agreement with government restrictions on citizens\u2019 behavior during emergencies). Differences in these items, as well as their annual trends from 2020 to 2022, were examined in Japan, the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Italy, and China. In addition, the associations between BJD and HRR by country and year and the direction of the associations between them in Japan and Italy were analyzed. Online surveys were conducted annually, with 392\u2013518 participants per country and year. The BJD was higher in Japan and lower in the UK. BJD increased significantly from 2020 to 2021 in all countries, except in China. Meanwhile, HRR was higher in China and lower in Japan. The HRR decreased from 2020 to 2021 in Japan and decreased from 2020 to 2022 in the US, the UK, and Italy. There were significant positive associations between BJD and HRR in Japan and Italy. Cross-lagged panel models revealed positive bidirectional associations between BJD and HRR in Japan and Italy, respectively, indicating that the HRR declined among those with weak BJD and that the BJD increased among those with high HRR. In Japan and Italy, the dissemination of public messages targeting those with a high HRR in the early stages of an infectious disease outbreak could potentially mitigate the adverse impact of the BJD, eventually reducing discrimination, especially when the infection is not attributed to the fault of the infected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T07:08:59Z","timestamp":1695884939000},"page":"e16147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differences in and associations between belief in just deserts and human rights restrictions over a 3-year period in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michio","family":"Murakami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Hiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yamagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto (Current Address), Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ortolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law and Political Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki (Current Address), Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuhiro","family":"Mifune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics & Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi, Kochi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asako","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, 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