{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:35:24Z","timestamp":1791304524901,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    On Caribbean coral reefs, losses of two key groups of grazers, herbivorous fishes and\n                    <jats:italic>Diadema antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , coincided with dramatic increases in macroalgae, which have contributed to decreases in the resilience of these coral reefs and continued low coral cover. In some locations, herbivorous reef fishes and\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations have begun to recover, and reductions in macroalgal cover and abundance have followed. Harder to determine, and perhaps more important, are the combined grazing effects of herbivorous fishes and\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    on the structure of macroalgal communities. Surprisingly few studies have examined the feeding preferences of\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    for different macroalgal species, and there have been even fewer comparative studies between these different herbivore types. Accordingly, a series of in-situ and ex-situ feeding assays involving herbivorous fishes and\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were used to examine feeding preferences. Ten macrophytes representing palatable and chemically and\/or structurally defended species were used in these assays, including nine macroalgae, and one seagrass. All species were eaten by at least one of the herbivores tested, although consumption varied greatly. All herbivores consumed significant portions of two red algae species while avoiding\n                    <jats:italic>Halimeda tuna<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which has both chemical and structural defenses. Herbivorous fishes mostly avoided chemically defended species while\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    consumed less of the structurally defended algae. These results suggest complementarity and redundancy in feeding by these different types of herbivores indicating the most effective macroalgal control and subsequent restoration of degraded coral reefs may depend on the recovery of both herbivorous fishes and\n                    <jats:italic>D. antillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T04:21:15Z","timestamp":1700022075000},"page":"e16264","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of feeding preferences of herbivorous fishes and the sea urchin\n                    <i>Diadema antillarum<\/i>\n                    in Little Cayman"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Spiers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America"},{"name":"Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, FL,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas K.","family":"Frazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America"},{"name":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16264\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11170","article-title":"Herbivory and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs: knowledge gaps and implications for management","volume":"520","author":"Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16264\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12600","article-title":"Comparative analysis of foraging behavior and bite mechanics reveals complex functional diversity among Caribbean parrotfishes","volume":"597","author":"Adam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16264\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.030","article-title":"Sleeping functional group drives coral-reef recovery","volume":"16","author":"Bellwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16264\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.2307\/2265730","article-title":"Are tropical plants better defended? 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