{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:22:47Z","timestamp":1788348167894,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    During the recent pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), influential public health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have favored the view that SARS CoV-2 spreads predominantly\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    droplets. Many experts in aerobiology have openly opposed that stance, forcing a vigorous debate on the topic. In this review, we discuss the various proposed modes of viral transmission, stressing the interdependencies between droplet, aerosol, and fomite spread. Relative humidity and temperature prevailing determine the rates at which respiratory aerosols and droplets emitted from an expiratory event (sneezing, coughing,\n                    <jats:italic>etc<\/jats:italic>\n                    .) evaporate to form smaller droplets or aerosols, or experience hygroscopic growth. Gravitational settling of droplets may result in contamination of environmental surfaces (fomites). Depending upon human, animal and mechanical activities in the occupied space indoors, viruses deposited on environmental surfaces may be re-aerosolized (re-suspended) to contribute to aerosols, and can be conveyed on aerial particulate matter such as dust and allergens. The transmission of respiratory viruses may then best be viewed as resulting from dynamic virus spread from infected individuals to susceptible individuals by various physical states of active respiratory emissions, instead of the current paradigm that emphasizes separate dissemination by respiratory droplets, aerosols or by contaminated fomites. To achieve the optimum outcome in terms of risk mitigation and infection prevention and control (IPAC) during seasonal infection peaks, outbreaks, and pandemics, this holistic view emphasizes the importance of dealing with all interdependent transmission modalities, rather than focusing on one modality.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T04:17:19Z","timestamp":1700799439000},"page":"e16420","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Environmental dissemination of respiratory viruses: dynamic interdependencies of respiratory droplets, aerosols, aerial particulates, environmental surfaces, and contribution of viral re-aerosolization"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"M. Khalid","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed A.","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa,  Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond W.","family":"Nims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Syner-G BioPharma, Boulder, CO, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ,  United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles P.","family":"Gerba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1510","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13707","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: a review","volume":"133","author":"Aboubakr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab797","article-title":"Infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in exhaled aerosols and efficacy of masks during early mild infection","volume":"75","author":"Adenaiye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.10.2115-2119.1991","article-title":"Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14","volume":"29","author":"Ansari","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17888-w","article-title":"Influenza A virus is transmissible via aerosolized fomites","volume":"11","author":"Asadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2020.09.014","article-title":"Is particulate matter of air pollution a vector of Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Barakat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2019.02.001","article-title":"Interventions to reduce personal exposures to air pollution","volume":"14","author":"Bard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Heart"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000516","article-title":"Reduced fine particulate matter air pollution exposures using in-home portable air cleaners Pilot results of the CARDIAC REHABILITATION AIR FILTER TRIAL (CRAFT)","volume":"40","author":"Bard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.04.021","article-title":"Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces","volume":"58","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2021.110718","article-title":"Are there medium to short-term multifaceted effects of the airborne pollutant PM2.5 determining the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants?","volume":"158","author":"Baron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medical Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109652","article-title":"Correlation between environmental pollution indicators and COVID-19 pandemic: a brief study in Californian context","volume":"187","author":"Bashir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.1.47","article-title":"Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces","volume":"146","author":"Bean","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111765","article-title":"A review of methods to reduce the probability of the airborne spread of COVID-19 in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces","volume":"203","author":"Berry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2107239118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107239118","article-title":"The human factor between airborne pollen concentrations and COVID-19 disease dynamics","volume":"118","author":"Betsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-67.1.103","article-title":"Norovirus cross-contamination during food handling and interruption of virus transfer by hand antisepsis: experiments with feline calicivirus as a surrogate","volume":"67","author":"Bidawid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Food Protection"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1020","article-title":"Environmental contamination and viral shedding in MERS patients during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea","volume":"62","author":"Bin","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.07.014","article-title":"Isolation and identification of human coronavirus 229E from frequently touched environmental surfaces of a university classroom that is cleaned daily","volume":"46","author":"Bonny","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010970","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010970","article-title":"Reduced airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron virus in Syrian hamsters","volume":"18","author":"Boon","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.09.011","article-title":"The occurrence of influenza A virus on household and day care center fomites","volume":"51","author":"Boone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02051-06","article-title":"Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease","volume":"73","author":"Boone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"30","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13001-w","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of indoor air sampling for virus detection","volume":"28","author":"Borges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-00993-1","article-title":"Environmental determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"21","author":"Brandt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Current Allergy and Asthma Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-22","article-title":"Commentary: COVID-19 transmission messages should hinge on science. University of Illinois Chicago School of Public Health","author":"Brosseau","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5211","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225211","article-title":"Infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses on dry surfaces: potential for indirect transmission","volume":"13","author":"Bueckert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos13101575","article-title":"Particulate matter versus airborne viruses - distinctive differences between filtering and inactivating air cleaning technologies","volume":"13","author":"Burdack-Freitag","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gr.2021.02.002","article-title":"Multiple relationships between aerosol and COVID-19: a framework for global studies","volume":"93","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gondwana Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-021-02058-8","article-title":"Study on the transmission route of virus aerosol particles and control technology of air conditioning in the enclosed space","volume":"136","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"The European Physical Journal Plus"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c06335","article-title":"Fomite transmission, physicochemical origin of virus-surface interactions, and disinfection for enveloped viruses with applications to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Casta\u00f1o","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-28","article-title":"Fomites and the COVID-19 pandemic: an evidence review on its role in transmission","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01174-8","article-title":"Role of indoor aerosols for COVID-19 viral transmission: a review","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazmat.2021.128051","article-title":"Predominant airborne transmission and insignificant fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a two-bus COVID-19 outbreak originating from the same pre-symptomatic index case","volume":"425","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hazardous Materials"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16670-2","article-title":"Detection of air and surface contamination by SARS-CoV-2 in hospital rooms of infected patients","volume":"11","author":"Chia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30003-3","article-title":"Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions","volume":"1","author":"Chin","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26170","article-title":"Environmental and decontamination issues for human coronaviruses and their potential surrogates","volume":"92","author":"Cimolai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4654","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27959","article-title":"Disinfection and decontamination in the context of SARS-CoV-2-specific data","volume":"94","author":"Cimolai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.05.015","article-title":"Norovirus recovery from floors and air after various decontamination protocols","volume":"103","author":"Ciofi-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124487","article-title":"Air pollution and COVID-19: the role of particulate matter in the spread and increase of COVID-19\u2019s morbidity and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Comunian","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22679-y","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 air and surface contamination in residential settings","volume":"12","author":"Correia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110765","article-title":"Investigation of SARS CoV-2 virus in environmental surface","volume":"195","author":"Dargahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151137","article-title":"A review on measurements of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in air in outdoor and indoor environments: implication for airborne transmission","volume":"809","author":"Dinoi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-40","first-page":"615","article-title":"The recovery of smallpox virus from patients and their environment in a smallpox hospital","volume":"33","author":"Downie","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.275","article-title":"Droplets and aerosols: an artificial dichotomy in respiratory virus transmission","volume":"4","author":"Drossinos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Science Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-42","first-page":"246","article-title":"Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomedical and Environmental Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231164","article-title":"Ozone efficacy for the control of airborne viruses: bacteriophage and norovirus models","volume":"15","author":"Dubuis","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2021.02.004","article-title":"Positive no-touch surfaces and undetectable SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in long-term care facilities: an attempt to understand the contributing factors and the importance of timing in air sampling campaigns","volume":"49","author":"Dumont-Leblond","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579352","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.579352","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2 partnership: virus hitchhiking, stabilization and immune cell targeting \u2013a hypothesis","volume":"11","author":"Farhangrazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.201806","article-title":"Persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in aerosol suspensions","volume":"26","author":"Fears","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13146","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.131465","article-title":"Modeling the effect of temperature and relative humidity on exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a mechanically ventilated room","volume":"32","author":"Foat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa114","article-title":"Presence of influenza virus on touch surfaces in kindergartens and primary schools","volume":"222","author":"Fong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.03.019","article-title":"Detection of viable SARS-CoV-2 in retrospective analysis of aerosol samples collected from hospital rooms of patients with COVID-19","volume":"29","author":"Fortin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7704","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04596","article-title":"Back to normal: an old physics route to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor spaces","volume":"14","author":"Garc\u00edade Abajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28103","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28103","article-title":"Stability and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment","volume":"95","author":"Geng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.428","article-title":"Transfer efficiency of an enveloped virus, human coronavirus 229E, from various hard surface fomites to finger pads of the hand","volume":"44","author":"Gerba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-53","article-title":"Impacts of lid closure during toilet flushing and of toilet bowl cleaning on viral contamination of surfaces in United States restrooms","author":"Goforth","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00653","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00653-21","article-title":"SARS wars: the fomites strike back","volume":"87","author":"Goldman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.06.182","article-title":"Hand sanitizers: a review of ingredients, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses","volume":"48","author":"Golin","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-022-01557-z","article-title":"Unanswered questions on the airborne transmission of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Chemistry Letters"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s41742-022-00462-1","article-title":"Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 genome in the indoor air and high-touch surfaces","volume":"16","author":"Hadavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008831","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008831","article-title":"Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing","volume":"14","author":"Harbourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100237","article-title":"Hybrid hydrogen peroxide for viral disinfection","volume-title":"Disinfection of viruses","author":"Hislop","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.042","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 reverse genetics reveals a variable infection gradient in the respiratory tract","volume":"182","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"Pt. 12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-66-12-2743","article-title":"Survival characteristics of airborne human coronavirus 229E","volume":"66","author":"Ijaz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12041","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12041","article-title":"Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus","volume":"9","author":"Ijaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.57","article-title":"Indirect transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection; what do we know and what don\u2019t we know?","volume":"43","author":"Ijaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.35284\/2471-9315.22.8.229","article-title":"Lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: preparing for the next outbreak of respiratory and enteric viral infections","volume":"8","author":"Ijaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology Open Access"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84842-1","article-title":"Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses and implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses","volume":"11","author":"Ijaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9914","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9914","article-title":"Combating SARS-CoV-2: leveraging microbicidal experiences with other emerging\/re-emerging viruses","volume":"8","author":"Ijaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.06.008","article-title":"Generic aspects of the airborne spread of human pathogens indoors and emerging air decontamination technologies","volume":"44","author":"Ijaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2021.92006","article-title":"Evaluation of the survivability of SARS-CoV-2 on cardboard and plastic surfaces and the transferability of virus from surface to skin","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2020.1784427","article-title":"Relative contributions of transmission routes for COVID-19 among healthcare personnel providing patient care","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2020.08.001","article-title":"Surface chemistry can unlock drivers of surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of environmental conditions","volume":"6","author":"Joonaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210038","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210038","article-title":"Role of bioaerosol in virus transmission and material-based countermeasures","volume":"2","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.022","article-title":"Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"106","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","article-title":"Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents","volume":"104","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15703-8","article-title":"Effect of relative humidity on the airborne survival of rhinovirus-14","volume":"11","author":"Karim","year":"1985","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198275","article-title":"Tmprss2 specific miRNAs as promising regulators for SARS-CoV-2 entry checkpoint","volume":"294","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12156","article-title":"Simulation of vertical concentration gradient of influenza viruses in dust resuspended by walking","volume":"25","author":"Khare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01780-9","article-title":"Safety, tolerability and viral kinetics during SARS-CoV-2 human challenge in young adults","volume":"28","author":"Killingley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12080","article-title":"Routes of influenza transmission","volume":"7","author":"Killingley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.023","article-title":"Infection and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12458","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Theoretical considerations and available evidence","volume":"324","author":"Klompas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1980.tb18917.x","article-title":"Viruses as agents of airborne contagion","volume":"353","author":"Knight","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy221","article-title":"Influenza virus infectivity is retained in aerosols and droplets independent of relative humidity","volume":"218","author":"Kormuth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab578","article-title":"Surface and air contamination with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients in Toronto, Canada, March-2020","volume":"225","author":"Kotwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203631","article-title":"Risk for fomite-mediated transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in child daycares, schools, nursing homes, and offices","volume":"27","author":"Kraay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3425","article-title":"Fomite-mediated transmission as a sufficient pathway: a comparative analysis across three viral pathogens","volume":"18","author":"Kraay","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.01.001","article-title":"Impact of a hygiene intervention on virus spread in an office building","volume":"222","author":"Kurgat","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5641","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08342","article-title":"Modeling clothing as a vector for transporting airborne particles and pathogens across indoor microenvironments","volume":"56","author":"Kvasnicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac846","article-title":"Exhaled breath aerosol shedding of highly transmissible versus prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants","volume":"76","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00713-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Lamers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00007","article-title":"Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"140","author":"Larson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.063","article-title":"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from the air in a car driven by a COVID patient with mild illness","volume":"108","author":"Lednicky","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.025","article-title":"Viable SARS-CoV-2 in the air of a hospital room with COVID-19 patients","volume":"100","author":"Lednicky","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.100451","article-title":"Dry hydrogen peroxide for viral inactivation","volume-title":"Disinfection of viruses","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13840-z","article-title":"Logistic growth of a surface contamination network and its role in disease spread","volume":"7","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12606","article-title":"Hand hygiene and surface cleaning should be paired for prevention of fomite transmission","volume":"30","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00535-6","article-title":"Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"19","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Reviews in Microbiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12786","article-title":"Basic routes of transmission of respiratory pathogens\u2013a new proposal for transmission categorization based on respiratory spray, inhalation, and touch","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12837","article-title":"Hypothesis: SARS-CoV-2 transmission is predominated by the short-range airborne route and exacerbated by poor ventilation","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"065107","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0013318","article-title":"Can a toilet promote virus transmission? From a fluid dynamics perspective","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12452","article-title":"Clothing as a transport vector for airborne particles: chamber study","volume":"28","author":"Licina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09218-5","article-title":"Detection and quantification of infectious severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 in diverse clinical and environmental samples","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2271-3","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals","volume":"582","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c05777","article-title":"Expiratory aerosol pH: the overlooked driver of airborne virus inactivation","volume":"57","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146201","article-title":"Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal in a home with COVID-19 positive occupants","volume":"778","author":"Maestre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-010-9051-4","article-title":"Comparison of multiple passage integrated cell culture-PCR and cytopathogenic effects in cell culture for the assessment of poliovirus survival in water","volume":"2","author":"Mahalanabis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food and Environmental Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02018-x","article-title":"A comparison of transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern","volume":"20","author":"Manathunga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"issue":"73","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab722","article-title":"A paradigm shift to align transmission routes with mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Marr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.114","article-title":"Alert for SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by fecal aerosols in rural areas in China","volume":"41","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5008","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors","volume":"174","author":"Meyerowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals in Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12111418","article-title":"Control of airborne microorganisms by essential oils released by VaxiPod","volume":"12","author":"Mirskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11019","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111019","article-title":"Risks of infection with SARS-CoV-2 due to contaminated surfaces: a scoping review","volume":"18","author":"Mohamadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x","article-title":"Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?","volume":"16","author":"Morawska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105730","article-title":"Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the world should face the reality","volume":"139","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002","article-title":"Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities","volume":"40","author":"Morawska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105832","article-title":"How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?","volume":"142","author":"Morawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221047","article-title":"Environmental persistence of monkeypox virus on surfaces in household of person with travel-associated infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65902","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.65902","article-title":"Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses","volume":"10","author":"Morris","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"083302","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0160579","article-title":"Dispersion of expectorated cough droplets with seasonal influenza in an office","volume":"35","author":"Norvihoho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physics of Fluids"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.08.027","article-title":"Viral cultures for assessing fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Onakpoya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2015.08.027","article-title":"Transmission of SARS and MERS coronaviruses and influenza virus in healthcare settings: the possible role of dry surface contamination","volume":"92","author":"Otter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e238-e244","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30484-9","article-title":"Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics","volume":"20","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12101587","article-title":"Antimicrobial performance of an innovative technology of atmospheric plasma reactors against bioaerosols: effectiveness in removing airborne viable viruses","volume":"12","author":"Pourchez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6197","article-title":"Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"368","author":"Prather","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0265816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265816","article-title":"Finding the infectious dose for COVID-19 by applying an airborne-transmission model to superspreader events","volume":"17","author":"Prentiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145525","article-title":"Why airborne transmission hasn\u2019t been conclusive in case of COVID-19? An atmospheric science perspective","volume":"773","author":"Ram","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00095-21","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00095-21","article-title":"Pathogenesis, symptomology, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through analysis of viral genomics and structure","volume":"6","author":"Rando","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.04.128","article-title":"Precipitation dynamics of surrogate respiratory sessile droplets leading to possible fomites","volume":"600","author":"Rasheed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i8.1391","article-title":"Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Journal of Clinical Cases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108167","article-title":"Patterns of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol spread in typical classrooms","volume":"204","author":"Rencken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Building and Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147300","article-title":"Are the portable air cleaners (PAC) really effective to terminate airborne SARS-CoV-2?","volume":"785","author":"Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594495","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.594495","article-title":"Body localization of ACE-2: on the trail of the keyhole of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Salamanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab039","article-title":"Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): what do we know","volume":"73","author":"Samet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112261","article-title":"Exposure to particulate matter: direct and indirect role in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"206","author":"Santurt\u00fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environmental Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/10643388709388331","article-title":"Spread of viral infections by aerosols","volume":"17","author":"Sattar","year":"1987","journal-title":"CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e177-e182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2016.03.067","article-title":"Decontamination of indoor air to reduce the risk of airborne infections: studies on survival and inactivation of airborne pathogens using an aerobiology chamber","volume":"44","author":"Sattar","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab171","article-title":"The stability of an isolate of the SARS-CoV-2 B1.1.1.7 lineage in aerosols is similar to 3 earlier isolates","volume":"224","author":"Schuit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-138","article-title":"Decontamination of environmental surfaces in everyday settings","volume-title":"Block\u2019s disinfection, sterilization, and preservation","author":"Scott","year":"2021","edition":"6"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.05.012","article-title":"A 21st century view of infection control in everyday settings: moving from the germ theory of disease to the microbial theory of health","volume":"48","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17092986","article-title":"Searching for SARS-COV-2 on particulate matter: a possible early indicator of COVID-19 epidemic recurrence","volume":"17","author":"Setti","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2021.105870","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 in residential rooms of two self-isolating persons with COVID-19","volume":"159","author":"Shankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000563","article-title":"Controversy around airborne versus droplet transmission of respiratory viruses: implication for infection prevention","volume":"32","author":"Shiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13083","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.13083","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 air sampling: a systematic review on the methodologies for detection and infectivity","volume":"32","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1777906","article-title":"Experimental aerosol survival of SARS-CoV-2 in artificial saliva and tissue culture media at medium and high humidity","volume":"9","author":"Smither","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging Microbes and Infections"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85751-z","article-title":"A global association between Covid-19 cases and airborne particulate matter at regional level","volume":"11","author":"Solimini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-019-00123-6","article-title":"Microbial exchange via fomites and implications for human health","volume":"5","author":"Stephens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Pollution Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212022","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.212022","article-title":"Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets","volume":"9","author":"Stettler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106039","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control","volume":"144","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107266","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and other airborne respiratory viruses in outdoor aerosols in three Swiss cities before and after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"164","author":"Tao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environment International"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-021-00784-1","article-title":"Impact of long-term exposure to PM2.5 and temperature on coronavirus disease mortality: observed trends in France","volume":"20","author":"Tchicaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-151","first-page":"43","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume-title":"Emerging viruses in human populations","author":"Tong","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141532","article-title":"Particulate matter and SARS-CoV-2: a possible model of COVID-19 transmission","volume":"750","author":"Tung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-153","article-title":"Coronavirus cases trigger EPA rapid response","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-154","article-title":"Blog by Ellington K. Hand hygiene: back to basic in infection prevention","author":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-155","article-title":"How COVID-19 spreads","author":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-156","article-title":"Handwashing: clean hands save lives","author":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-157","article-title":"Q & A for Consumers: Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19","author":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-158","article-title":"CDC statement for healthcare personnel on hand hygiene during the response to the international emergence of COVID-19","author":"United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2004973","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared to SARS-CoV-1","volume":"382","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149932","article-title":"Transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in public washrooms: a systematic review","volume":"803","author":"Vardoulakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaerosci.2022.106038","article-title":"Viable SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant detected in aerosols in a residential setting with a self-isolating college student with COVID-19","volume":"165","author":"Vass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Aerosol Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2023.2251537","article-title":"Detection and isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants collected from residential settings","author":"Vass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113740","article-title":"Risk of air and surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 in isolation wards and its relationship with patient and environmental characteristics","volume":"241","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety"},{"issue":"6558","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9149","article-title":"Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.19.6.748-753.1984","article-title":"Efficiency of human rotavirus propagation in cell culture","volume":"19","author":"Ward","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2009.03.015","article-title":"Virucidal efficacy of disinfectant actives against feline calicivirus, a surrogate for norovirus, in a short contact time","volume":"38","author":"Whitehead","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20956","article-title":"Environmental contamination with rhinovirus and transfer to fingers of healthy individuals by daily life activity","volume":"79","author":"Winther","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-7643-7339-3_10","article-title":"Environmental survival and microbicide inactivation of coronaviruses","volume-title":"Coronaviruses with special emphasis on first insights concerning SARS","author":"Wolff","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14512","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: what is the connection?","volume":"1486","author":"Woodby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-170","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-171","article-title":"Information note on new COVID-19 Omicron subvariant XBB.1.5","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab464","article-title":"Viral RNA and infectious influenza virus on mobile phones of patients with influenza in Hong Kong and the United States","volume":"224","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4714","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c00583","article-title":"On the mechanism of human saliva interaction with environmental dust in relation to spreading of viruses","volume":"37","author":"Yilbas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15262","article-title":"Direct and quantitative capture of viable bacteriophages from experimentally contaminated indoor air: a model for the study of airborne vertebrate viruses including SARS-CoV-2","volume":"132","author":"Zarger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00184","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00184-20","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and health care worker protection in low-risk settings: a review of modes of transmission and a novel airborne model involving inhalable particles","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14857","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009637117","article-title":"Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2012.754841","article-title":"Association of airborne virus infectivity and survivability with its carrier particle size","volume":"47","author":"Zuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aerosol Science and Technology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16420\/ref-179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16502","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c08484","article-title":"Airborne transmission of COVID-19: aerosol dispersion, lung disposition, and virus-receptor interactions","volume":"14","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16420.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16420.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16420.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16420.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T04:17:31Z","timestamp":1700799451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"references-count":179,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.16420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.16420","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2167-8359","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"article-number":"e16420"}}