{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:03:21Z","timestamp":1757703801705,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016A040403016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016A040403016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou","award":["202102020886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102020886"]}]},{"name":"China Educational Equipment Industry Association","award":["CEFR20001K1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEFR20001K1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Bright light conditions are supposed to curb eye growth in animals with experimental myopia. Here we investigated the effects of temporal bright light at very low frequencies exposures on lens-induced myopia (LIM) progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Myopia was induced by application of \u22126.00 D lenses over the right eye of guinea pigs. They were randomly divided into four groups based on exposure to different lighting conditions: constant low illumination (CLI; 300 lux), constant high illumination (CHI; 8,000 lux), very low frequency light (vLFL; 300\/8,000 lux, 10 min\/c), and low frequency light (LFL; 300\/8,000 lux, 20 s\/c). Refraction and ocular dimensions were measured per week. Changes in ocular dimensions and refractions were analyzed by paired t-tests, and differences among the groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Significant myopic shifts in refractive error were induced in lens-treated eyes compared with contralateral eyes in all groups after 3 weeks (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Both CHI and LFL conditions exhibited a significantly less refractive shift of LIM eyes than CLI and vLFL conditions (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). However, only LFL conditions showed significantly less overall myopic shift and axial elongation than CLI and vLFL conditions (both <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The decrease in refractive error of both eyes correlated significantly with axial elongation in all groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), except contralateral eyes in the CHI group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.231). LFL condition significantly slacked lens thickening in the contralateral eyes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Temporal bright light at low temporal frequency (0.05 Hz) appears to effectively inhibit LIM progression. Further research is needed to determine the safety and the potential mechanism of temporal bright light in myopic progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T08:43:13Z","timestamp":1699951393000},"page":"e16425","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal bright light at low frequency retards lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4123-7369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Baodi","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huizhou Third People\u2019s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Light Visual Health Research Institute, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90141-0","article-title":"Rod influence on cone flicker detection: variation with retinal eccentricity","volume":"26","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2001.tb05037.x","article-title":"Postnatal development of flicker sensitivity in guinea pigs","volume":"84","author":"Armitage","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5348","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3419","article-title":"The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Ashby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4689","article-title":"The effect of bright light on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"51","author":"Ashby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-5","article-title":"The drive for myopia control: interactions between bright light and optical refocus","volume":"62","author":"Biswas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90555-6","article-title":"Stimulation of endogenous dopamine release and metabolism in amphibian retina by light- and K+-evoked depolarization","volume":"482","author":"Boatright","year":"1989","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91211-X","article-title":"Light-induced stimulation of retinal dopamine: a dose-response relationship","volume":"424","author":"Brainard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27242","article-title":"Cone ERG changes during light adaptation in two all-cone mutant mice: implications for rod-cone pathway interactions","volume":"60","author":"Bush","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90110-Q","article-title":"How thick should a retina be? A comparative study of mammalian species with and without intraretinal vasculature","volume":"31","author":"Buttery","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12991","article-title":"Optical mechanisms regulating emmetropisation and refractive errors: evidence from animal models","volume":"103","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Optometry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084226","article-title":"Vitamin D and ocular diseases: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20402","article-title":"Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12853","article-title":"Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with myopia in Korean adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107822","article-title":"The role of dopamine in eye growth responses to color and luminance flicker in chicks","volume":"189","author":"Chuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.004","article-title":"Ambient illuminance, retinal dopamine release and refractive development in chicks","volume":"103","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90117-X","article-title":"Experimental myopia in cats reared in stroboscopic illumination","volume":"29","author":"Cremieux","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.12.016","article-title":"Low frequency temporal modulation of light promotes a myopic shift in refractive compensation to all spectacle lenses","volume":"83","author":"Crewther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689008999568","article-title":"Pharmacological modification of eye growth in normally reared and visually deprived chicks","volume":"9","author":"Crewther","year":"1990","journal-title":"Current Eye Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200206120-00010","article-title":"Refractive compensation to optical defocus depends on the temporal profile of luminance modulation of the environment","volume":"13","author":"Crewther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200307010-00009","article-title":"Inhibition of retinal ON\/OFF systems differentially affects refractive compensation to defocus","volume":"14","author":"Crewther","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60353-2","article-title":"Light sensitivity, adaptation and saturation in mammalian rods","volume":"95","author":"Demontis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3980\/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.02.01","article-title":"Myopia induced by flickering light in guinea pigs: a detailed assessment on susceptibility of different frequencies","volume":"6","author":"Di","year":"2013a","journal-title":"International Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.807931","article-title":"Effects of chronic exposure to 0.5 Hz and 5 Hz flickering illumination on the eye growth of guinea pigs","volume":"38","author":"Di","year":"2013b","journal-title":"Current Eye Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011964","article-title":"Vitamin D and death by sunshine","volume":"14","author":"Dixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-25","first-page":"199","article-title":"The neurons of the retinal ganglion cell layer of the guinea pig: quantitative analysis of their distribution and size","volume":"24","author":"Do-Nascimento","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018709","article-title":"The relationship between light, dopamine release and horizontal cell coupling in the mudpuppy retina","volume":"440","author":"Dong","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.007","article-title":"An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia","volume":"114","author":"Feldkaemper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.04.018","article-title":"Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia","volume":"114","author":"French","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26570","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026570","article-title":"Association study of the serum 25(OH)D concentration and myopia in Chinese children","volume":"100","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"Pt 3b","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.12.004","article-title":"The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews","volume":"155","author":"Gawne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(98)00188-6","article-title":"Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)","volume":"39","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001694","article-title":"Nutritional factors and myopia: an analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey data","volume":"98","author":"Harb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.06.024","article-title":"Time outdoors in reducing myopia: a school-based cluster randomized trial with objective monitoring of outdoor time and light intensity","volume":"129","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803","article-title":"Effect of time spent outdoors at school on the development of myopia among children in china: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"314","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.06.036","article-title":"Form-deprivation myopia in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)","volume":"46","author":"Howlett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.10.008","article-title":"Spectacle lens compensation in the pigmented guinea pig","volume":"49","author":"Howlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2011.11.001","article-title":"The susceptibility of the retina to photochemical damage from visible light","volume":"31","author":"Hunter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2018840118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2018840118","article-title":"Violet light suppresses lens-induced myopia via neuropsin (OPN5) in mice","volume":"118","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.2.2","article-title":"Calcipotriol attenuates form deprivation myopia through a signaling pathway parallel to TGF-beta2-induced increases in collagen expression","volume":"64","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"7598","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17158","article-title":"A neuronal circuit for colour vision based on rod-cone opponency","volume":"532","author":"Joesch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.02.062","article-title":"Vision: rods see in bright light","volume":"28","author":"Kelber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(89)90120-X","article-title":"Release pattern of endogenous dopamine in teleost retinae during light adaptation and pharmacological stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Kirsch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-43","first-page":"438","article-title":"Dopamine: a retinal neurotransmitter. I. Retinal uptake, storage, and light-stimulated release of H3-dopamine in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Kramer","year":"1971","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110906","article-title":"Intermittent episodes of bright light suppress myopia in the chicken more than continuous bright light","volume":"9","author":"Lan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2271-21.2022","article-title":"Cone-driven retinal responses are shaped by rod but not cone HCN1","volume":"42","author":"Lankford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13802","article-title":"The effect of spectral property and intensity of light on natural refractive development and compensation to negative lenses in guinea pigs","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809787","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.809787","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D is not correlated with myopia in Chinese children and adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00231-a","article-title":"Constant light produces severe corneal flattening and hyperopia in chickens","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-314675","article-title":"How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review","volume":"104","author":"Lingham","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.8.1.13","article-title":"Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is not associated with refractive error in middle-aged and older Western Australian adults","volume":"8","author":"Lingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Translational Vision Science & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98817-9","article-title":"Refractive lens power and lens thickness in children (6\u201316 years old)","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-52","first-page":"666","article-title":"Myopia induced by flickering light in guinea pig eyes is associated with increased rather than decreased dopamine release","volume":"23","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01764.x","article-title":"Dopaminergic behaviour in chicken retina and the effect of form deprivation","volume":"25","author":"Megaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25158414211059246","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414211059246","article-title":"Light and myopia: from epidemiological studies to neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Muralidharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31820b0385","article-title":"Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia","volume":"88","author":"Mutti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040","article-title":"Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants","volume":"46","author":"Mutti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001296","article-title":"Ocular component development during infancy and early childhood","volume":"95","author":"Mutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12051","article-title":"Does sunlight (bright lights) explain the protective effects of outdoor activity against myopia?","volume":"33","author":"Ngo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90026-F","article-title":"Normal development of refractive state and ocular component dimensions in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)","volume":"32","author":"Norton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6272","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14648","article-title":"Visually-driven ocular growth in mice requires functional rod photoreceptors","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-61","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Visual pigment coexpression in Guinea pig cones: a microspectrophotometric study","volume":"43","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.01.042","article-title":"Rod photoreceptor activation alone defines the release of dopamine in the retina","volume":"29","author":"Perez-Fernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2006.00350.x","article-title":"The dazzle reflex: electrophysiological signals from ocular muscles reveal strong binocular summation effects","volume":"26","author":"Plainis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.01.025","article-title":"Normal ocular development in young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"47","author":"Qiao-Grider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10633-005-7345-x","article-title":"The photopic ERG of the albino guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): a model of the human photopic ERG","volume":"110","author":"Racine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-66","first-page":"1888","article-title":"Intermittent exposure to bright light can prevent form-deprivation myopia in a monkey model","volume":"63","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(94)90053-1","article-title":"Two different visual pigments in one retinal cone cell","volume":"13","author":"Rohlich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00370-6","article-title":"Stimulation of dopaminergic amacrine cells by stroboscopic illumination or fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) injections: possible roles in prevention of form-deprivation myopia in the chick","volume":"686","author":"Rohrer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1992.sp019090","article-title":"Longitudinal chromatic aberration and emmetropization: results from the chicken eye","volume":"449","author":"Rohrer","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.12.019","article-title":"Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children","volume":"115","author":"Rose","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.0c00014","article-title":"Function and aggregation in structural eye lens crystallins","volume":"53","author":"Roskamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accounts of Chemical Research"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6003","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25322","article-title":"Color and temporal frequency sensitive eye growth in chick","volume":"59","author":"Rucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011782107","article-title":"Parallel information processing channels created in the retina","volume":"107","author":"Schiller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00114-4","article-title":"Flicker parameters are different for suppression of myopia and hyperopia","volume":"37","author":"Schwahn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8677","article-title":"The association between time spent outdoors and myopia using a novel biomarker of outdoor light exposure","volume":"53","author":"Sherwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90150-4","article-title":"Refractive-error changes in kitten eyes produced by chronic on-channel blockade","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-11713","article-title":"Negative lens-induced myopia in infant monkeys: effects of high ambient lighting","volume":"54","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.011","article-title":"Relative peripheral hyperopic defocus alters central refractive development in infant monkeys","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8652","article-title":"Protective effects of high ambient lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in rhesus monkeys","volume":"53","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3914","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1264","article-title":"Effects of foveal ablation on emmetropization and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14349","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin D status and myopia in young adult men","volume":"98","author":"Specht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.2.704","article-title":"Retinal dopamine and form-deprivation myopia","volume":"86","author":"Stone","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.2.13","article-title":"Short-wavelength (violet) light protects mice from myopia through cone signaling","volume":"61","author":"Strickland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.001992","article-title":"Temporal modulation sensitivity and pulse-detection thresholds for chromatic and luminance perturbations","volume":"4","author":"Swanson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the Optical Society of America A"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.20","article-title":"The role of dopamine in emmetropization modulated by wavelength and temporal frequency in guinea pigs","volume":"62","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0128-8","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children","volume":"31","author":"Tideman","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01816-6","article-title":"Rods progressively escape saturation to drive visual responses in daylight conditions","volume":"8","author":"Tikidji-Hamburyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.12.007","article-title":"Violet light exposure can be a preventive strategy against myopia progression","volume":"15","author":"Torii","year":"2017a","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206000","article-title":"Short-term exposure to violet light emitted from eyeglass frames in myopic children: a randomized pilot clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Torii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09388-7","article-title":"Violet light transmission is related to myopia progression in adult high myopia","volume":"7","author":"Torii","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI\u2014report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia","volume":"60","author":"Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800009743","article-title":"Effects of light stimuli on the release of dopamine from interplexiform cells in the white perch retina","volume":"7","author":"Umino","year":"1991","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26471","article-title":"Probing the potency of artificial dynamic on or off stimuli to inhibit myopia development","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1651","article-title":"Effect of retinoic acid on the tight junctions of the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complex of guinea pigs with lens-induced myopia in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4413","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23880","article-title":"Effects of light of different spectral composition on refractive development and retinal dopamine in chicks","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2048395","article-title":"Retinal transcriptomics analysis reveals the underlying mechanism of disturbed emmetropization induced by wavelength defocus","volume":"47","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Current Eye Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4752","article-title":"Association between myopia, ultraviolet b radiation exposure, serum vitamin d concentrations, and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin d metabolic pathways in a Multicountry European study","volume":"135","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108403","article-title":"Disrupted potassium ion homeostasis in ciliary muscle in negative lens-induced myopia in Guinea pigs","volume":"688","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009","article-title":"Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children","volume":"120","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2023.3634","article-title":"Effects of artificial light with different spectral composition on eye axial growth in juvenile guinea pigs","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Journal of Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109509","article-title":"Choroidal blood perfusion could predict the sensitivity of myopia formation in Guinea pigs","volume":"232","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14589","article-title":"Myopia is associated with lower vitamin D status in young adults","volume":"55","author":"Yazar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1159\/000323179","article-title":"Effects of flickering light on refraction and changes in eye axial length of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.1.21","article-title":"Short wavelength (blue) light is protective for lens-induced myopia in guinea pigs potentially through a retinoic acid-related mechanism","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.0278","article-title":"Outdoor activity protects against childhood myopia-let the sun shine in","volume":"173","author":"Zadnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.04.003","article-title":"Rod-cone interactions and the temporal impulse response of the cone pathway","volume":"48","author":"Zele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25258","article-title":"The effects of high lighting on the development of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pigs","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-26397","article-title":"Changes in choroidal thickness and choroidal blood perfusion in guinea pig myopia","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8064","article-title":"The effect of temporal and spatial stimuli on the refractive status of guinea pigs following natural emmetropization","volume":"54","author":"Zhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.7717\/peerj.16425\/ref-110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.01.027","article-title":"Normal development of refractive state and ocular dimensions in guinea pigs","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vision Research"}],"container-title":["PeerJ"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16425.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16425.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16425.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16425.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T08:43:28Z","timestamp":1699951408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/16425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["10.7717\/peerj.16425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.16425","archive":["CLOCKSS","LOCKSS","Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2167-8359"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2167-8359"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"article-number":"e16425"}}