{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:10:23Z","timestamp":1787847023352,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qingdao University Medical Group, Qingdao University, China","award":["YLJT20202005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLJT20202005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The pathogenesis of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is unclear. Fine particles aggregated in the lung can be phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages (AMs) to induce an inflammatory reaction and damage local pulmonary tissue, which could be a mechanism of PSP. This project aimed to explore the pathological association between fine particulate matter and PSP.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Thirty pulmonary bullae tissues were obtained from surgery of PSP patients (B group). The adjacent normal tissues of the lungs were defined as the control S group. Another 30 normal lung tissues with nonpneumothorax disease (NPD) were applied as the control N group. Hematoxylin and eosin (H &amp; E), Wright-Giemsa (W-G), Victoria blue, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining experiments were performed to measure the levels of fine particulate matter, alveolar macrophages (AMs), pulmonary elastic fibers, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the lung tissues. The serum levels of MCP-1 and MMP-9 were prospectively analyzed as well.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Histopathological examinations revealed obvious deposition of fine particulate matter and inflammatory reactions (proliferation of AMs) in the B group, compared with those in the S group and the N group. These alterations were significantly associated with PSP. The numbers of AMs and pulmonary elastic fibers, the positive area of the H-score, as well as the concentrations of MCP-1 and MMP-9 in the lungs of the experimental group were obviously raised compared with the controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Fine particulate matter aggregation, inflammation (macrophage hyperplasia), and overexpression of MCP-1 and MMP-9 may contribute to the pathogenesis of PSP. The overaccumulation of fine particulate matter may play a crucial part in the occurrence of adolescent and young adult PSP.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This project was enrolled on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2100051460.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T08:52:38Z","timestamp":1701247958000},"page":"e16484","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Excessive aggregation of fine particles may play a crucial role in adolescent spontaneous pneumothorax pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sibo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Southern Yunnan Central Hospital of Yunnan\/The First People\u2019s Hospital of Honghe Prefecture, 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