{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:35:35Z","timestamp":1781325335244,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Focusing on the relationship between frail older people and gait speed is vital to minimize the need for long-term care or increased support. The relationship between gait speed, respiratory muscle strength, and dynamic balance, is not well understood in older people requiring long-term care or support. Therefore, this study aimed to provide new insights into the relationship between gait speed, respiratory muscle strength, and dynamic balance in community-dwelling older people who required long-term care or support and used a daycare center.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study of 49 community-dwelling older people (21 men, 28 women) aged \u226565 years who were certified as requiring long-term care or support under the Japanese system. The participants\u2019 maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax), walking speed (maximal and normal walking speed), and maximal double-step length test (MDST) results were recorded. The measurement data were evaluated using Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficient revealed correlations between PImax and the following: maximal walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.606, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), normal walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.487, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and MDST (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.435, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.002). Correlations were also observed between PEmax and the following: maximal walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.522, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), normal walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.467, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and MDST (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.314, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028). Moreover, a correlation was found between MDST and both maximal walking speed and (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.684, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and normal walking speed (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.649, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The effect size was 0.379. Multiple regression analysis using a forced entry method with maximal walking speed as the dependent variable showed that maximal walking speed was significantly associated with MDST (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and PEmax (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.036), with an effect size of 0.272. The model\u2019s adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.593 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Multiple regression analysis using a forced entry method with normal walking speed as the dependent variable showed that normal walking speed was significantly associated with MDST (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and PEmax (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021), with an effect size of 0.272. The model\u2019s adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.497 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Multiple regression analysis using a forced entry method with MDST as the dependent variable showed that MDST was significantly associated with PImax (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.025), with an effect size of 0.243. The model\u2019s adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.148 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.017).<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>\n            <jats:sec>\n               <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Respiratory muscle strength and dynamic balance were related to walking speed in older people requiring long-term care or support.<\/jats:p>\n            <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T09:01:33Z","timestamp":1703149293000},"page":"e16630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relationship between walking speed, respiratory muscle strength, and dynamic balance in community-dwelling older people who required long-term care or support and used a daycare center"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Takumi","family":"Jiroumaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School 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