{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:35:17Z","timestamp":1768289717263,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual\u2019s specific therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the caries risk using the CAMBRA protocol among the general population of Pakistan.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This multicentre analytical study was conducted in ten dental hospitals in different provinces of Pakistan and the caries risk assessment was carried out using a questionnaire that was designed using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. All 521 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and the presence of disease. Multiple logistic regression test was performed for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A higher number of participants (61.2%) were found to be in the moderate risk category of caries risk assessment. The males are 51% less likely to have caries compared to the females (AOR = 0.49, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.081). The majority of participants (71.3%) had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities. Those with visible, heavy plaque were 13.9 times more likely to have caries compared to those without (AOR = 13.92, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Those using calcium and phosphate during the last 6 months were 90% less likely to have caries compared to those not using them (AOR = 0.10, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). There was no significant interaction between all eight risk factors retained in the final model (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05), the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, classification accuracy = 87.1%, and AUC = 91.2%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The caries risk among the general population of Pakistan is moderate, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:29:34Z","timestamp":1706689774000},"page":"e16863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan\u2013a multicenter analytical study"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Azhar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-0098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasir Dilshad","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1748-0413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farooq Ahmad","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malik Zain ul","family":"Abideen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Education & Research, College of Dentistry, Bakhtawar Amin Medical & Dental College, Multan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talib","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Women Medical & Dental College, Abbottabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Arjumand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences and Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Almuhaiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-3463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reham Mohammed","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma Abubaker","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Restorative Dentistry Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherif Elsayed","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj.16863\/ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-019-02859-5","article-title":"Laser-assisted prevention of enamel caries: a 10-year review of the 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